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Biology > B4: The Heart/Lungs > Flashcards

B4: The Heart/Lungs Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the circulatory system?

A

a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves that maintain a one way flow of blood around the body.

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2
Q

What does the right/left side of the heart do? (4)

LORD

A

RIGHT : pumps DEOXYGENATED blood from BODY to the LUNGS for gas exchange (PULMONARY CIRCULATION)
LEFT : pumps OXYGENATED blood FROM LUNGS to REST OF BODY!
(SYSTEMATIC CIRCULATION)

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3
Q

what are some adaptations of the heart ?(3)

A
  • walls of the ventricles are THICKER than the atria bc they are responsible for pumping blood OUT OF THE HEART so need to withstand HIGH PRESSURE!
  • Walls of left ventricle is thicker than right ventricle bc has to pump blood to ALL OF BODY at HIGH PRESSURE , whereas right ventricle only pumps blood to lungs at LOWER PRESSURE
  • valves prevent back flow of blood
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4
Q

Function of the 3 blood vessels. (3)

A

Artery - carry blood AWAY from heart to the organs
Veins - carry blood TO heart from the organs
Capillaries - form a huge network of tiny vessels linking arteries and veins

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5
Q

What is a pacemaker and what is our natural pacemaker - how do they work?(3)

A

Pacemakers coordinate the contractions of the heart, therefore it regulates your heart rate.
- cells in the RIGHT ATRIUM act as our natural pacemaker

pacemakers send out electrical impulses which spread to the muscle cells, causing them to contract

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6
Q

ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES of artificial pacemakers. (2)

A

AD : light weight - 20-50g

DIS : regular med checks

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7
Q

What happens in coronary heart disease and why? (2)

A
  • coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrow.
  • This is due to a build up of fatty material on the lining of the vessels.
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8
Q

how are stents used to help the heart and ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES ? (3)

A

Stents are used to keep the coronary artery open
AD : - can be put in place without anaesthetic
- can open any artery in body
- many stents release drugs to prevent blood clots
DIS : - expensive
- risk of clot
- risk of infection

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9
Q

How do Statins help the heart ?

A

reduce blood cholesterol levels/slows the rate of fatty material being deposited in coronary arteries.

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10
Q

how are bypass operations used to help the heart and ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES ? (3)

A
  • replace the narrow coronary arteries with bits of veins from rest of body
    AD: works for badly blocked arteries
    DIS : - expensive
    - risk associated with general anaesthetic
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11
Q

how are mechanical valves used to help the heart and ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES ? (3)

A 
- replace faulty heart valves 
AD : last long
DIS : need meds for rest of life
- if med not taken, blood clots on brain can occur
- med leads to excessive bleeding
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12
Q

how are biological valves used to help the heart and ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES ? (3)

A 
- replace faulty heart valves
AD :  work very well
         doesn't need medication
DIS : only last 12-15 yrs
- ethical issues 
- can be rejected
- valves may harden
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13
Q

Features of alveoli that maximise gas exchange ? (3)

A
  • large surface area ( increased rate of exchange/diffusion of O2 Is quicker)
  • Thin walls ( one cell thick) - gases pass through easily
  • well ventilated - air can reach alveoli easily/steep diffusion gradient
  • good blood supply - maintain conc gradient
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14
Q

What happens to the ribcage, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, volume and pressure of the lungs when breathing in (inspiration)?

A 
RIBCAGE : moves outwards/up 
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES: contract/lengthen 
DIAPHRAGM: contacts and becomes FLATTER
VOLUME : Increases
PRESSURE: decreases
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15
Q

What happens to the ribcage, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, volume and pressure of the lungs when breathing out ( expiration)?

A 
RIBCAGE : moves down/in
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES: relax 
DIAPHRAGM : relaxes and domes upwards
VOLUME : decreases
PRESSURE : increases
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16
Q

What is blood?

A
  • a tissue consisting of the fluid PLASMA ( RBC/WBC/platelets are suspended in it)
17
Q

functions of blood ? (4)

A
  • transport of oxygen/nutrients
  • communication - carries hormones
  • homeostasis - carries waste/spreads heat
  • immune system - carries WBC/ antibodies
18
Q

Adaptations of red blood cells? (3)

A
  • biconcave - larger surface area for oxygen
  • packed with haemoglobin
  • no nucleus, so more space for haemoglobin/oxygen
19
Q

What do platelets do ?

A

clot blood at the wound to stop blood loss.

20
Q

Compare the structure of a cappilary to an artery?(3)

A
  • cappillary has thin walls , artery has thick walls
  • cappilaries have narrow lumen
  • arteries are made of muscle , cappilaries are made of endothelial cell
  • neither have valves
21
Q

Explain the consequences of an individual having too high a level of LDL cholesterol in their blood.

A
  • more risk of heart dusease
  • fats will deposit in coronary arteries
  • less blood flow to the heart muscle bc that is a tissue
22
Q

Explain how the human circulatory system is adapted to:

  • supply o2 to tissues
  • remove waste products from tissues. (6)
A

DUAL circulatory system - meaning HIGHER BLOOD PRESSURE/ more blood flow to tissues

  • heart pumps blood to LUNGS in PULMONARY ATERY SO 02 CAN DIFFUSE from alveoli to blood
  • blood returns to heart via PULMONARY VEIN where blood is sent to rest of body by AORTA
  • OXYGEN CARRIED BY RBCS - biconcave shape, no nucleus, packed with haemoglobin
  • arteries carry OXYGENATED BLOOD TO TISSUES/ capillaries deliver oxygen to cells for respiration
  • thin walls allow quick diffusion
  • large surface area allow more diffusion
  • remove waste products - CO2 diffuses from cells into blood plasma
  • valves prevent backflow
23
Q

why does having one ventricle rather than 2 make circulatory system less efficient ? (2)

A
  • deoxygenated/oxygenated mix

- less o2 reaches muscles/tissues

24
Q

discuss the use of statins to prevent CHD.

A
  • Statins are used to reduce blood cholesterol levels
  • Reduced cholesterol levels reduce the rate of fatty material deposit
  • using statins is better than having to treat it (often with invasive procedures)
  • Statins have to be taken continuously to be effective

Biology (20 decks)

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