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Biology > B2: Cell division/Specialisation > Flashcards

B2: Cell division/Specialisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Part of the cell cycle where one set of new chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell forming 2 identical nuclei, during cell division.

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2
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

the series of stages where body cells divide.

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3
Q

Why is mitotic cell division important in the cell cycle? (3)

A
  • growth
  • repair/replacement of worn cells
  • development
    of multicellular organisms
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4
Q

What is the difference in differentiation process between animal and plant cells? (2)

A

Animal cells differentiate at early stage

Plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life

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5
Q

What happens when cells differentiate? (2)

A
  • it gets different sub-cellular structures that enable it to carry out a particular function.
  • cell specialise
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6
Q

what is the importance of differentiation in the development of a baby?(2)

A
  • cells need to specialise to become part of body
  • babies need different types of cells
  • without differentiation cells won’t specialise so organs can’t develop
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7
Q

Explain the stages of the cell cycle and mitosis.

A

3) before dividing again, cells need to grow and increase ribosome/mitochondria numbers

4) DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome
5) one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and cell divides
6) The cytoplasm/cell membranes also divide to form 2 identical daughter cells - cytokinesis

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8
Q

Where in the plant is mitosis constantly happening?

A

The meristems

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9
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell that can form other types of cells/tissues.

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10
Q

What conditions could stem cells help to treat?

A 
Paralysis 
Diabetes 
Transplant surgeries
Infertility 
Dementia
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11
Q

What is meant by therapeutic cloning?

A

Where an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient so the stem cells produced are not rejected/ may be used for treatment

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12
Q

Risks of using stem cells to treat conditions.

A
  • can cause cancer
  • stem cells could be infected with viruses and transfer infection
  • low no. stem cell donors
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13
Q

Objections of using embryonic stem cells for treatment.

A
  • embryo can’t give permission
  • violation of human rights
  • interrupts process of human reproduction
  • destroys potential life
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14
Q

How does an embryonic stem cell differ from an adult stem cell? (3)

A
  • Adult stem cells form many but not ALL types of cell
  • Embryonic stem cells are found in embryos/early development
  • Adult stem cells are present throughout an animal/human regardless of age
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15
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process where cells become specialised for a particular function.

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16
Q

Suggest one disadvantage of cloning plants from meristems. (1)

A
  • lack of genetic variation which makes cloned populations more susceptible to environmental changes (e.g. disease)
17
Q

How can embryonic stem cells be used to treat paralysis? (3)

A
  • paralysis is caused by damage to neurones in spinal chord
  • embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated and can be manipulated to differentiate into neurones
  • replacing the damaged cells
18
Q

what are the different sources of adult stem cells? (4)

A
  • bone marrow
  • umbilical chord
  • skin
  • organs e.g. liver, brain
19
Q

How can diabetes be treated using stem cells?

A
  • caused by inability of pancreas to produce insulin to control blood sugar levels
  • stem cells can be differentiated into insulin-producing pancreatic cells which are transplanted into patients body
20
Q

Benefits of using embryonic stem cells/therapeutic cloning for medical treatment.

A
  • can treat wide variety of diseases
  • they have been used successfully in a no. of cases
  • painless

Therapeutic cloning

  • won’t be rejected bc has same genes as patient
  • reduces waiting time for organ transplants
21
Q

How can stem cells be used to protect plant populations?

A
  • can be cloned quickly/economically
  • producing large no. rare plants reliable/safely
  • saves them from extinction
22
Q

Advantage of cloning plants from meristems.

A
  • plant cloning gives us a way of producing large populations of identical plants from research - scientists can see effects of different variables /quicker and economical
  • used in horticulture - producing large no. Identical plants for sale - quick and economical than natural reproduction
  • in agriculture - produce large o. plants with special features
23
Q

How do plant stem cells differ from animal stem cells ?

A

Plant stem cells continue to differentiate throughout life

-Can differentiate again if needed

24
Q

ad/ disadvantages of using adult stem cells?

A

AD : - less ethical issues
- won’t be rejected

  • treats less diseases
  • can be painful
  • may be risky

Biology (20 decks)

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