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Biology > B10: The Nervous System > Flashcards

B10: The Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the purpose of the nervous system?

A

enable humans to react to their surroundings /coordinate their behaviour

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2
Q

adaptations of nervous system?

A
  • neurones have a cell body
  • have cytoplasmic extensions from this body called AXONS/DENTRITES
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3
Q

what is a reflex?

A
  • rapid reaction - involuntary responses that dont involve the consious part of your brainas the coordinator the reaction
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4
Q

3 types of neurones involved in reflex arc/function?

A

SENSORY NEURONES : carry impulse from sense organ to CNS
MOTOR NEURONES: carry impulses from CNS—> effectors
RELAY NEURONES: - connect sensory/motot neurones in CNS

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5
Q

sensory neurones structure?

A

LONG/cell body bracnhes off middle of axon

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6
Q

motor neurones structure?

A

LONG /have large cell body at one end with DENTRITES branching off it

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7
Q

Relay neurones structure?

A

SHORT/ small cell body at one end with many dentrites braching off it

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8
Q

reflex arc order ?

A

stimulus –> recepetor –> sensory neurones —> relay neurones –> motor neurones —> effector –> response

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9
Q

explain

reflex arc when you touch a hot object ?

A

when you touch hot object, RECPEPTOR is stimulated
- elelctrical IMPULSE from receptor to sensory neurones
- at end of sensory neurone there is a SYNAPSE
- releases A CHEMICAL (neurotransmitters) /DIFFUSESto relay neurone
- this triggers electrical impulse on relay neurone and passes along to another synpase
- another chemcial released/triggers impulse in MOTOR NEURONES
- electrical impluse passes from motor neurones —> effector
- muscle contracts/pull hand away

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10
Q

why do drugs affect our brain fruction? (3)

A
  • drugs can bind to neurotransmitter receptors on the postsynapitic neurone (membrane of relay/motor neurone)
  • triggering impusles in different parts of the brain
  • frequent drug use can lead to overstimulation of neurones/loss of function
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11
Q

REQUIRED PRACTICAL : REACTION TIME?

A
  1. PERSON 1 sit on chair with arm on table, with dominant hand on edge
  2. Person 2 hold ruler so 0 mark is level with top of thumb
  3. person 2 drops ruler/1 catches it as quick as possible
  4. record no. on ruler/REPEAT
  5. after 1/2 have completed ,change one factor (caffeine,alcohol,listen to music)
    RECORD RESULTS
  6. use conversion table to convert ruler measurement to reaction time
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12
Q

control variables of reaction time experiment?

A
  • perosn catching ruler use DOMINANT HAND
  • drop same ruler from same height
  • if investigating effect of caffeine , make sure there’s no loud music/alcohol consumption before
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13
Q

the eye function?

A

sense organ containing receptors sesnitive to light intensity/color

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14
Q

structure of eye and function? (6)

cilrop

A

CORNEA : transparent lens that refract light as it enter eye
IRIS: control how much light enter pupil
LENS: transparent disc that can change shape to focus light on retina
RETINA: contains LIGHT RECPETORS/COLOR RECPETORS
OPTIC NERVE : sensory neurone that carry impuses between eye to brain
PUPIL : hole that allows light to enter eye

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15
Q

in dim light what happen to eye?

A

pupil DILATES (WIDENS)
radial muscle CONTACT
circular muscle RELAX

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16
Q

BRIGHT LIGHT what happens to eye?

A

pupil constricts
radial muscles RELAX
cirlcular muscle CONTACTS

17
Q

what is accomodation?

A

-proccess of changing shae of lens to focus on near/far objects

18
Q

what happens to eye when focusing on

near objects

A

-ciliary muscles CONTRACT
-suspensory ligaments LOOSEN
-lens is thicker/refracts light more

19
Q

what happens to eye when focusing on

far objects ?

A
  • ciliary muscles relax
  • suspensory ligaments TIGHTEN
  • Lens is THINNER/slightly refracts light
20
Q

cause and solution of MYOPIA?

A

CAUSE -lens is too curved/thick
-image is in focus IN FRONT of retina

SOLUTION : cocave lens corrects rays so they focus on the retina

21
Q

cause and solution of HYPEROPIA?

A

CAUSE- lens is too flat /light is focused BEHIND RETINA

SOLUTION: CONVEX LENS refracts light rays to fucs on retina

22
Q

as/dis of

TREATMENTS FOR HYPEROPIA/MYOPIA?

A

HARD/SOFT CONTACT LENSES: sit on surface of eye
ad : ideal for sports /comfy
dis: risk of infection

LASER EYE SURGERY: change shape of cornea
dis : risk of unexpected damage

LENS REPLACEMENT SURGERY: replace lens with plastic,artifical one
dis: invasive
-risk of damage occuring to retina (complete sight loss)

23
Q

fucntions of regions in brain?

A

CEREBRAL CORTEX: outer layer of brain divided in 2 hemispheres for INTELLIGENCE, MEMORY,CONSCIOUSNESS,
PERSONALITY

CEREBELLUM: -under cerebral cortex - BALANCE, MUSCLE COORDINATION,MOVEMENT

MEDULLA: controls unconsious activities like heart rate/breathing

24
Q

why are there difficluties in understanding the brain /treatement options?

A

very complex /delicate organ
any potential treatemnt could elad to further damage (speech,personality changes etc)

25
Q

electrical stimulation of brain process?

A

tiny electrodes pushed into different parts of brain
-tiny jolts of electricity stimulate regions /effects can be observed

26
Q

MRI SCAN/fuctional mri scans uses?

A

uses magnetic fields to study brain/ the effect these have on protons in water molecules in body
- functional MRI scans produce images of different images of brain that are active during different actvities (active region shave increased blood flow)

27
Q

what is homeostasis ?

A

regulation of internal conditions of a cell/organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to internal/external changes.

28
Q

what does homeostasis control?

A

blood glucose conc
body temp
water levels

29
Q

name 3 difference between nervous system and endocrine system?

A

endocrine system is:
- slower
- longer lasting
- via blood instead of neurones

30
Q

changes to cyclist’s core body temp and skin temperature in a race?

A
  • Skin temperature decreases (during the race)
  • As a result of increased sweating
  • Heat energy is lost as sweat evaporates from the skin, leading to the skin cooling
  • Core body temperature increases (during the race)
  • as a result of the muscles contracting more
  • muscle contraction releases more energy (as heat)
31
Q

controlling body temp?

A

1) temp increases - blood vessels dilate (vasodilation) , so sweat is produced by gland
2) sweat evaporates from skin - heat energy lost , cooling down body
3) temp decrease - blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction), so sweating stops
4) skeletal muscles shiver - this muscle contraction increases heat released in body - increasing temp

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