B7-060 Learning and Memory

Question 1

where is working memory stored?

Answer 1

diffuse cortex

Question 2

where is short term memory stored?

Answer 2

limbic circuits

Question 3

where is long term memory stored?

Answer 3

diffuse cortex (in unimodal association areas)

Question 4

stored diffusely throughout the cortex and rapidly lost

Answer 4

working memory

Question 5

stored diffusely throughout the cortex
once stored slowly lost unless cortex is damaged

Answer 5

long term memory

Question 6

the ability to convert recent experiences to long term memory

Answer 6

short term memory

Question 7

attention center of the brain

Answer 7

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 8

memory consolidation occurs through […] in which new neurons and synapses are formed via active remembering

Answer 8

long term potentiation

(NMDA receptors)

Question 9

memory circuit (Papez)

Answer 9

hippocampus –> fornix —> mammillary nuclei –>anterior thalamic nucleus —> cingulate gyrus —> hippocampus

Question 10

short-term memory disruption usually requires […] damage to the memory circuits

Answer 10

bilateral

Question 11

what part of the memory circuit is affected by vitamin B1 deficiency?

Answer 11

both mammillary nuclei

(results in loss of short term memory)

Question 12

assessment of working memory can be done via [2]

Answer 12

digit span (5-7 numbers)
repeating brief story

Question 13

assessment of short term memory can be done via [2]

Answer 13

orientation to time and place
remember a list of words for 3 min

Question 14

assessment of long term memory can be done via

Answer 14

long term recall of
past presidents, significant dates, etc.

Question 15

diffuse brain problem where short term memory is also affected

Answer 15

delirium

Question 16

brain problem only affecting memory

Answer 16

isolated amnestic syndrome

Question 17

midline structural causes of isolated amnestic syndrome [3]

Answer 17

thalamic
large frontal
basilar occlusion

(affecting Papez circuit)

Question 18

diffuse causes of isolated amnestic syndrome [3]

Answer 18

thiamine deficiency
anoxia
trauma

(affecting Papez circuit)

Question 19

sudden onset of short term memory loss that goes away in a couple of hours

Answer 19

transient global amnesia

Question 20

severe long term memory deficits
preserved working memory
preserved short term memory

Answer 20

Hollywood amnesia

(dissociative disorder)

Question 21

early in Alzheimer’s, […] deficits are dominant

Answer 21

short term memory

(pathology affects Hippocampus early)

Question 22

late in Alzheimer’s, […] deficits are seen due to neo-cortical damage

Answer 22

long term memory

Question 23

failure to retrieve formerly learned information following an event

Answer 23

retrograde amnesia

Question 24

failure to form new retrievable memory following an event

Answer 24

anterograde amnesia

Question 25

due to acute or chronic thiamine deficiency

Answer 25

Wernicke's encephalopathy/Korsakoff's psychosis

Question 26

Wernicke's encephalopathy/Korsakoff's psychosis causes persistent lesions of [2]

Answer 26

dorsal medial thalamic nuclei mammilary bodies (persistent deficit)

Question 27

little to no acquisition of new memories impaired retrieval of old memories confabulation

Answer 27

Korsakoff's psychosis

Question 28

field visual cut and short term memory issues

Answer 28

top of the basilar occlusion

Question 29

mechanism for transferring information from working memory to long term memory

Answer 29

short term memory

Question 30

declarative memories are [...]

Answer 30

conscious

Question 31

non-declarative memories are [...]

Answer 31

unconsious

Question 32

remembering the names of friends is [...] memory

Answer 32

declarative

Question 33

remembering how to ride a bike or drive a car is [...] memory

Answer 33

non-declarative

Question 34

long-term memories are located

Answer 34

diffusely throughout the cortex

Question 35

the [...] is responsible for the transferring of working memory to long term memory

Answer 35

hippocampus

Question 36

attention center of the brain

Answer 36

dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex

Question 37

directs other areas of the brain to continuously recall or rehearse an item of information

Answer 37

dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex

Question 38

long-term memories are stored by the strengthening of [...] throughout the cortex involved in that memory

Answer 38

synaptic connections

Question 39

long-term potentiation of memories is mediated by the [...] receptor

Answer 39

NMDA

Question 40

describe the mechanism responsible for long term memory

Answer 40

long term potentiation of synaptic circuits

Question 41

loss of short term memory requires dysfunction of

Answer 41

bilateral Papez circuits

Question 42

evidence of dysfunction in one cognitive domain, such as short-term memory, is called

Answer 42

mild cognitive impairment

Question 43

bilateral lesions of the hippocampus would result in

Answer 43

anterograde amnesia (no new memories formed, seen in AD)