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BMB Test 3 > B7-046 Alzheimer's Disease > Flashcards

B7-046 Alzheimer's Disease Flashcards

1
Q

which perceptual pathway is responsible for the recognition of relationships between objects?

A

dorsal visual stream

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2
Q

which perceptual pathway is responsible for object recognition?

A

ventral visual pathway

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3
Q

short term memory and emotional processing occurs in the

A

limbic association area

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4
Q

the front of the brain is [executive/perceptual]

A

executive

(motor planning)

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5
Q

the back of the brain is [executive/perceptual]

A

perceptual

(sensory)

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6
Q

language processing typically occurs on the […] side of the brain

A

left (dominant)

(symbolic reasoning)

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7
Q

pattern reasoning occurs in the […] side of the brain

A

right (non-dominant)

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8
Q

functions of the dominant hemisphere [5]

A

language
skilled motor formulation
arithmetic
trained musical ability
sense of direction from written instructions

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9
Q

functions of the non-dominant hemisphere [5]

A

prosody (emotion conveyed in tone)
visual-spatial analysis
arithmetic (estimates)
untrained musical ability
sense of direction from spatial orientation

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10
Q

limitations of clinical mental status evaluations [2]

A

executive function
pattern reasoning

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11
Q

the trails test and word fluency tests what cognitive domain?

A

executive function

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12
Q

if a patient has difficulties with multiple aspects of the clinical mental status exam, the pattern is […]

A

diffuse

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13
Q

when the […] systems are affected, the elementary neurological exam is abnormal

A

subcortical

(helps localize to subcortical vs cortical lesion)

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14
Q

rigidity and weakness is a sign of a […] lesion

A

subcortical

(have difficulties getting onto exam table)

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15
Q

alzheimer’s causes a […] dementia

A

diffuse cortical

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16
Q

the pathology of Alzheimer’s is characterized by […]

A

plaques and tangles

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17
Q

typical initial symptom of Alzheimer’s

A

short term memory problem

(usually starts in mesial temporal lobe/hippocampus)

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18
Q

why is the elementary neuro exam normal in Alzheimer’s patients?

A

primary sensory and motor cortices are not affected until late stage

(true of most cortical diseases)

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19
Q

MOA of tacrine, donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine?

A

centrally acting cholinesterase inhibitors

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20
Q

MOA of memantine

A

NMDA antagonist

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21
Q

MOA of aducanumab

A

anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies

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22
Q

most common cause of dementia in older adults

A

Alzheimer’s

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23
Q

cortical dementias [2]

A

Alzheimers
frontotemporal

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24
Q

subcortical dementias [2]

A

vascular dementias
diffuse lewy body dementia

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25
Q

strongest risk factor for Alzheimer’s

A

advanced age

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26
Q

area of the brain that decodes sound symbols

A

wernickes

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27
Q

area of the brain that encodes sound symbols

A

Broca’s

28
Q

connection between Broca’s and Wernicke’s

A

arcuate fasiculus

29
Q

important parts of language assessment [3]

A

fluency
comprehension
repetition

30
Q

non-fluent speech [broca/wernickes]

A

Broca’s aphasia

31
Q

fluent nonsensical speech [broca/wernickes]

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

32
Q

fluent speech
comprehension intact
but cannot repeat

A

conduction aphasia

(lesion in arcuate fasciculus)

33
Q

fluent speech
poor comprehension
repetition intact

A

trans-cortical sensory aphasia

(usually from watershed stroke)

34
Q

non-fluent speech
comprehension intact
repetition intact

A

trans-cortical motor

(usually from watershed stroke)

35
Q

hallmark of a transcortical lesion causing aphasia

A

able to repeat

36
Q

an infiltrating tumor of the dominant hemisphere is most likely to affect […] function

A

language –> aphasia

37
Q

most uncommon dementia

A

frontal temporal

38
Q

dementia presenting with dysexecutive function followed by non-fluent aphasia

A

frontal temporal

39
Q

non-fluent speech
preserved comprehension
repetition preserved

A

transcortical motor aphasia

(Broca’s is still intact, but has been dissociated from anterior association areas)

40
Q

non-fluent speech
preserved comprehension
no repetition

A

Broca’s

41
Q

what characterizes mild cognitive impairment?

A

only one cognitive domain is affected

42
Q

patients with […] dementia have gait abnormalities

A

subcortical

43
Q

pathologic changes due to AD are first visible in the […] cortex

A

medial temporal

44
Q

fluent speech
preserved comprehension
no repetition

A

conduction aphasia

(Wernickes is disconnected from Brocas)

45
Q

fluent speech
no comprehension
repetition impaired

A

Wernicke’s

46
Q

[…] aphasias are characterized by preserved repetition

A

transcortical

47
Q

needing assistance to sit on the exam table characterizes […] dementia

A

subcortical

48
Q

decline in cognitive ability with intact consciousness

A

dementia

49
Q

reversible causes of dementia [5]

A

depression
hypothyroidism
vitamin B12 deficiency
neurosyphilis
normal pressure hydrocephalus

50
Q

strongest risk factor for AD

A

advanced age

51
Q

Down syndrome patients have an increased risk of develop AD as the APP protein is located on chromosome

A

21

52
Q

what neurotransmitter is decreased in AD?

A

ACh

53
Q

how does APOE2 affect an individual’s chance of getting Alzheimer’s?

A

decreased risk of sporadic form

54
Q

how does APOE4 affect an individual’s chance of getting Alzheimer’s?

A

increased risk of sporadic form

55
Q

AD is characterized by widespread […] atrophy

A

cortical

(especially the hippocampus)

56
Q

higher order language deficit

A

aphasia

57
Q

motor inability to produce speech

A

dysarthia

58
Q

[…] area is in the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe

A

Broca’s

59
Q

associated with a defect in language production

A

Broca’s

60
Q

patients with […] aphasia will appear frustrated, as insight is intact

A

Brocas

61
Q

[…] area is in the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe

A

Wernicke’s

62
Q

[…] aphasia is associated with impaired language comprehension

A

wernicke’s

63
Q

Do patients with Wernicke’s aphasia have insight?

A

No

Werknickes is Word salad

64
Q

caused by damage to the arcuate fasiculus

A

conduction aphasia

65
Q

hemispatial neglect syndrome indicates a lesion in the […]

A

nondominant parietal cortex

(agnosia of the contralateral side of the world)

66
Q

agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, and left-right disorientation indicates a lesion where?

A

dominant (left) parietal cortex

67
Q

a lesion in the frontal lobe can cause what symptoms

A

disinhibition
hyperphagia
impulsivity
loss of empathy
impaired executive function
akinetic mutism

(seen in frontotemporal dementia)

BMB Test 3 (18 decks)

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