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BMB Test 3 > B7-050 Delirium, Attention, and Executive Function > Flashcards

B7-050 Delirium, Attention, and Executive Function Flashcards

1
Q

contrast gaze preference and gaze palsy

A

preference: you could get them to have a normal VOR but they only voluntary look one direction

palsy: inability to look to one side, cannot be overcome on VOR

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2
Q

gaze preference indicates a lesion where?

A

frontal eye fields

(will look away from paralyzed limb)

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3
Q

gaze palsy indicates a lesion where?

A

PPRF

(will look toward paralyzed side)

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4
Q

where are the frontal eye fields?

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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5
Q

disturbance in level of awareness and reduced ability to direct, focus, sustain, and shift attention

A

delirium

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6
Q

delirium develops over […] and fluctuates in severity

A

short period (hours to days)

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7
Q

nearly always, delirium is caused by […] process

A

diffuse toxic metabolic process

(but not severe enough to cause stupor or coma)

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8
Q

which hemisphere is more important to attention?

A

non-dominant

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9
Q

a non-dominant hemisphere lesion can cause […] neglect

A

severe

(example where he talked about patient not recognizing own arm; dominant side lesions cause minimal neglect)

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10
Q

non-dominant parietal lobe lesion can cause […] from double simultaneous stimulation

A

extinction

(can’t recognize the bilateral stimulation)

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11
Q

acquired, chronic disorder affecting multiple cognitive domains

A

dementia

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12
Q

dementia generally does not affect […] or […] until late in disease course

A

attention
consciousness

(exception: diffuse lewy body disease)

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13
Q

antibiotic that can cause myoclonic jerks and delirium

A

cefepime

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14
Q

the conscious executive center of the brain

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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15
Q

non-declarative memory is unconscious motor memory that occurs in the […]

A

striatum and cerebellum

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16
Q

inability to recognize faces
still have emotional response

A

prosopaganosia

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17
Q

prosopaganoisa occurs due to a lesion where?

A

inferior temporal cortex (associated with Alzheimers)

has to be bilateral

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18
Q

able to recognize faces
but have no emotional response

A

capgras syndrome

(results in delusion that loved ones have been replaced by a look-alike imposter)

can be caused by lesions in non-dominant hemisphere

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19
Q

[…] hemisphere of the brain constructs explanations in order to make sense of the world

can even go so far as to confabulate

A

dominant

(left brain interpreter)

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20
Q

executive centers [4]

A

amygdala
orbitofrontal cortex
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
anterior cingulate cortex

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21
Q

subconscious evaluator of the meaning of stimuli

provides emotional response to the consequences of the situation

A

amygdala

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22
Q

some innate fears (like spiders or snakes) are hardwired in the

A

amygdala

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23
Q

the […] is involved when we make decisions based on the reward value of stimuli

A

amygdala

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24
Q

most common cause of bilateral damage to the amygdala

A

herpes encephalitis

(develop syndrome where they have no reaction to fearful stimuli)

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25
Q

emotional interpretation center

A

orbitofrontal cortex

(example of gambling; orbitofrontal cortex recognizes better odds before the frontal cortex)

26
Q

a lesion in […] causes decisions to be painfully deliberate and effortful

A

orbitofrontal cortex

27
Q

how would an orbitofrontal lesion effect empathy?

A

poor empathy (no emotional interpreter)

28
Q

directs working memory

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

29
Q

activated by pain, cognitive conflict, and errors in task performance

A

anterior cingulate cortex

30
Q

ascertains whether behavior is successfully proceeding toward desired goal

A

anterior cingulate cortex

31
Q

extremely important to learning from error

A

anterior cingulate cortex

32
Q

flow of information in executive function

A

amygdala –> orbitofrontal cortex —> dorsolateral –>premotor —> motor cortex

(sensory info goes from thalamus and sensory cortex, then into this pathway)

33
Q

automatic (fast) thinking is unconsciously mediated by

system 1

A

orbitofrontal cortex

34
Q

reflective (slow) thinking is consciously mediated by

system 2

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

35
Q

which mode of thinking is more prone to error?

A

automatic (fast)

system 1

36
Q

describe the pathway of the hyperfast system of thinking

A

thalamus –> amygdala –> premotor cortex –> motor cortex

37
Q

the only way to get around the hyperfast thinking system is with

A

training

38
Q

[system 1 or 2 of thinking]

when faced with a difficult question, substitutes an easier one

A

system 1

39
Q

[system 1 or 2 of thinking]

availability bias

A

system 1

40
Q

[system 1 or 2 of thinking]

near term outcomes are favored over long term

A

system 1

41
Q

[system 1 or 2 of thinking]

poor grasp of probability

A

system 1

42
Q

[system 1 or 2 of thinking]

overconfidence, this decision “feels right”

A

system 1

43
Q

[system 1 or 2 of thinking]

anchoring, irrelevant info used to make decisions

A

system 1

44
Q

[system 1 or 2 of thinking]

framing, influenced by presentation

A

system 1

45
Q

[system 1 or 2 of thinking]

adjustment, discounting pre-test probability and ignoring new evidence

A

system 1

46
Q

optimal decision making: simple decision and you have a lot of experience, trust […]

A

orbitofrontal cortex (if you are expert)

47
Q

optimal decision making: simple decision and you have a limited experience, engage […]

A

DLPFC to analyze correctness of decision

48
Q

optimal decision making: complex decision with many variables

A

use DLPFC to reject simple solution offered by OFC, learn risk/benefit benefits

do not force DLPFC to make decision

then after a period of not consciously thinking about is, use OFC to makea snap decision

49
Q

[system 1 or 2 of thinking]

risk stratification

A

system 2

50
Q

responsible for startle response

A

amygdala

51
Q

part of the brain concerned with errors in task performance

A

anterior cingulate cortex

52
Q

core symptom of delirium

A

inattention

53
Q

the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex should initially […] the solution offered by the orbital frontal cortex

A

reject

54
Q

what is the last step of complex decision making

A

make a snap decision after a period of time not thinking about it

55
Q

hemiparesis with gaze preference away from the side of hemiparesis indicates a lesion in

A

frontal eye fields

56
Q

a […] lesion can cause gaze palsy with patients looking toward affected limb

A

pontine

57
Q

attentional area of the brain

A

dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex

58
Q

a lesion of the pons would be expected to cause […] hemiparesis and […] gaze paralysis

A

contralateral
ipsilateral

59
Q

a lesion in the pons can cause gaze palsy due to involvement of the

A

PPRF

(patient looks toward paralyzed limbs)

60
Q

the […] hemisphere is more important to attention

A

non-dominant

(right hemispheric lesions are associated with severe left neglect)

BMB Test 3 (18 decks)

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