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BMB Test 3 > B7-048 Sleep, RAS > Flashcards

B7-048 Sleep, RAS Flashcards

1
Q

target of reticular activating system

A

cerebral cortex

(like the switch to turn the cortex on, if it doesn’t turn on you can’t wake up)

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2
Q

serves as the source of the reticular activating system
goes to thalamus –> cortex

A

rostral reticular formation

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3
Q

diffuse projection systems involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness [4]

A

cholinergic
noradrenergic
serotonergic
dopaminergic

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4
Q

pattern in which EEG electrodes are arranged

A

montage

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5
Q

frequency of bands: beta

A

more than 12

(low amplitude, high frequency)

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6
Q

frequency of bands: alpha

A

8-12

(high amplitude, lower frequency)

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7
Q

frequency of bands: theta

A

more than 4 but less than 8

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8
Q

frequency of bands: delta

A

less than 5

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9
Q

[…] activity occurs during alert wakefulness

A

beta

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10
Q

[…] activity occurs during relaxed wakefulness with eyes closed

A

alpha

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11
Q

two EEG activities associated with wakefulness in normal adults

A

beta
alpha

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12
Q

alpha rhythm is largest over the […] lobes [3]

A

parietal
occipital
posterior temporal

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13
Q

beta rhythm is most prominent over […] of the brain

A

front

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14
Q

[…] rhythm is replaced by […] rhythm when eyes are opened

A

alpha rhythm is replaced by beta rhythm when eyes are opened

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15
Q

what is being recorded in EEG?

A

changes in resting membrane potential in neurons

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16
Q

thalamic reticular nucleus neurons are

A

gaba-ergic

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17
Q

receives excitatory input from the thalamocortical and corticothalamic axon collaterals

A

thalamic reticular nucleus

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18
Q

activity of the […] synchronizes the rhythmic activity of cortical neurons

A

thalamic reticular nucleus

(pacemaker)

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19
Q

EEG waveform seen in Stage 1 (drowsy) sleep

A

alpha drops out
theta waves

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20
Q

EEG waveform seen in Stage 2 sleep

A

sleep spindles and k-complexes

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21
Q

EEG waveform seen in Stage 3 sleep

A

delta waves

(slow wave sleep)

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22
Q

the EEG appearance in REM

A

is like the awake EEG

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23
Q

synchronized vs. desynchronized EEG patterns

A

synchronized: high amplitude, low frequency (alpha and delta rhythms)

desynchronized: low amplitude, high frequency (beta rhythm)

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24
Q

when do you remember dreams?

A

when you wake up right after a REM cycle

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25
Q

how does sleep change in the elderly?

A

less slow wave sleep
more nighttime awakenings

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26
Q

how do sleep cycles look in children?

A

more time spent in slow wave sleep

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27
Q

a sleep cycle is about […] min

A

90

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28
Q

metabolic rate and brain temperature are at their lowest in […] sleep

A

slow wave

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29
Q

sympathetic output decreases and muscle tone is low in […] sleep

A

slow wave

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30
Q

weird dreams occur during what phase of sleep?

A

REM

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31
Q

irregular changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing occur during […] sleep

A

REM

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32
Q

atonia occurs during […] sleep

A

REM

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33
Q

active inhibition of alpha motor neurons via reticulospinal tracts

A

atonia

34
Q

physiologically, what is the purpose of atonia during REM?

A

so you don’t act out your dreams

35
Q

sleep and wakefulness occur in […] cycles

A

24 hour

(would still occur in environment without exogenous stimuli)

36
Q

pacemaker for circadian rhythm

A

suprachaismatic nucleus
(in anterior hypothalamus)

37
Q

light sensitive retinal ganglion cells that input into the retinohypothalamic tract to regulate circadian rhythm

A

melanopsin

38
Q

describe the pathway to release melatonin

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus –> pineal –> melatonin

39
Q

hypothesis about why sleep is necessary [2]

A

slow wave sleep is important to restoration

REM sleep is important to memory consolidation

40
Q

inability to fall asleep
often has a learned behavior component

A

insomnia

41
Q

abnormal behaviors during sleep

A

parasomnias

42
Q

difficulty transitioning from sleep to wakefulness

A

sleep inertia (parasomnia)

(set multiple alarms)

43
Q

sleep walking, talking, eating, terrors, and periodic leg movements of sleep occur during […] sleep

A

slow wave (type of parasomnia)

44
Q

fairly common cause of excessive daytime sleepiness

A

periodic leg movement of sleep (parasomnia)

45
Q

failure of REM paralysis mechanism

A

REM sleep disorder (parasomnia)

**sometimes a precursor to parkinsons or Lewy body disease

46
Q

extrinsic circadian rhythm disorders are caused by [2]

A

time zone change
work schedule change

47
Q

intrinsic circadian rhythm disorders [4]

A

delayed sleep phase (night owls)
advanced sleep phase (early birds)
non-24-hour sleep wake syndrome
irregular sleep/wake rhythm

48
Q

falling asleep in embarrassing or dangerous situations

A

pathologic sleepiness

49
Q

test for pathologic sleepiness

A

multiple sleep latency test

(positive if average time to fall asleep is less than 8 min)

50
Q

causes of poor quality of sleep [3]

A

sleep apnea
PLMS
parasomnia

51
Q

causes of inadequate quantity of sleep [2]

A

“voluntary”
insomnia

52
Q

most common cause of excessive daytime sleepiness

A

obstructive sleep apnea

53
Q

if the quality of sleep is okay, what are the possible causes of excessive sleepiness? [2]

A

narcolepsy
idiopathic hypersomnolence

54
Q

tests quality of sleep

A

polysomnogram

55
Q

full syndrome of narcolepsy [4]

A
  1. daytime sleepiness
  2. cataplexy
  3. sleep paralysis
  4. hypnagogic hallucinations

(don’t have to have all 4)

56
Q

abrupt and reversible loss of muscle tone elicited by strong emotion

caused by wakeful activation of REM paralysis

A

cataplexy

(seen in narcolepsy)

57
Q

immediately enter REM sleep when first going to sleep

A

narcolepsy

(normal individuals enter non-REM sleep first)

58
Q

believed to keep brain systems needed for wakefulness from shutting down

narcolepsy is hypothesized to be an autoimmune reaction to this substance

A

orexin

59
Q

which stage of sleep provides neurons with the most rest?

A

slow wave sleep

(low metabolic rates and temperature)

60
Q

what do EEGs record?

A

changes in potential difference between two electrodes

61
Q

After what stage of sleep are you most likely to awaken?

A

REM

62
Q

most common period of sleep before spontaneous awakening

A

REM

63
Q

what is the source of electrical activity in EEG?

A

sum of all excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic action potentials

64
Q

what nucleus is believed to result in synchronization of the resting membrane potential of cortical neurons?

A

thalamic reticular nucleus

65
Q

“pace-maker” that causes the synchronization of resting membrane potential of cortical neurons

A

thalamic reticular nucleus

66
Q

most common cause of excessive daytime sleepiness in adults

A

sleep apnea

67
Q

circadian rhythm is driven by the […] nucleus

A

suprachiasmatic

68
Q

what EEG waveform has the highest frequency and lowest amplitude?

A

beta

69
Q

what EEG waveform is seen in awake patients with eyes open?

A

beta

70
Q

what EEG waveform is seen in awake patients with eyes closed?

A

alpha

71
Q

what EEG waveform is seen in Stage 1?

A

theta

72
Q

what EEG waveform is seen in Stage 2?

A

sleep spindles and K complexes

73
Q

what EEG waveform is seen in Stage 3?

A

delta

74
Q

what EEG waveform has the lowest frequency and highest amplitude?

A

delta

75
Q

what EEG waveform is seen in REM?

A

beta

76
Q

patients with narcolepsy have decreased REM […]

A

latency

77
Q

extraocular movements occur during REM sleep due to activity of

A

PPRF

78
Q

what stage of sleep is thought to serve memory processing function?

A

REM

79
Q

what stage of sleep does teeth grinding occur?

A

2

80
Q

what stage of sleep does sleepwalking, bedwetting, and night terrors occur?

A

3

81
Q

a lesion in the […] would cause reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness, or coma

A

reticular activating system

BMB Test 3 (18 decks)

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