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BMB Test 3 > B7-048 Sleep, RAS > Flashcards

B7-048 Sleep, RAS Flashcards

1
Q

target of reticular activating system

A

cerebral cortex

(like the switch to turn the cortex on, if it doesn’t turn on you can’t wake up)

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2
Q

serves as the source of the reticular activating system
goes to thalamus –> cortex

A

rostral reticular formation

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3
Q

diffuse projection systems involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness [4]

A

cholinergic
noradrenergic
serotonergic
dopaminergic

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4
Q

pattern in which EEG electrodes are arranged

A

montage

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5
Q

frequency of bands: beta

A

more than 12

(low amplitude, high frequency)

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6
Q

frequency of bands: alpha

A

8-12

(high amplitude, lower frequency)

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7
Q

frequency of bands: theta

A

more than 4 but less than 8

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8
Q

frequency of bands: delta

A

less than 5

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9
Q

[…] activity occurs during alert wakefulness

A

beta

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10
Q

[…] activity occurs during relaxed wakefulness with eyes closed

A

alpha

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11
Q

two EEG activities associated with wakefulness in normal adults

A

beta
alpha

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12
Q

alpha rhythm is largest over the […] lobes [3]

A

parietal
occipital
posterior temporal

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13
Q

beta rhythm is most prominent over […] of the brain

A

front

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14
Q

[…] rhythm is replaced by […] rhythm when eyes are opened

A

alpha rhythm is replaced by beta rhythm when eyes are opened

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15
Q

what is being recorded in EEG?

A

changes in resting membrane potential in neurons

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16
Q

thalamic reticular nucleus neurons are

A

gaba-ergic

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17
Q

receives excitatory input from the thalamocortical and corticothalamic axon collaterals

A

thalamic reticular nucleus

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18
Q

activity of the […] synchronizes the rhythmic activity of cortical neurons

A

thalamic reticular nucleus

(pacemaker)

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19
Q

EEG waveform seen in Stage 1 (drowsy) sleep

A

alpha drops out
theta waves

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20
Q

EEG waveform seen in Stage 2 sleep

A

sleep spindles and k-complexes

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21
Q

EEG waveform seen in Stage 3 sleep

A

delta waves

(slow wave sleep)

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22
Q

the EEG appearance in REM

A

is like the awake EEG

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23
Q

synchronized vs. desynchronized EEG patterns

A

synchronized: high amplitude, low frequency (alpha and delta rhythms)

desynchronized: low amplitude, high frequency (beta rhythm)

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24
Q

when do you remember dreams?

A

when you wake up right after a REM cycle

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25
how does sleep change in the elderly?
less slow wave sleep more nighttime awakenings
26
how do sleep cycles look in children?
more time spent in slow wave sleep
27
a sleep cycle is about [...] min
90
28
metabolic rate and brain temperature are at their lowest in [...] sleep
slow wave
29
sympathetic output decreases and muscle tone is low in [...] sleep
slow wave
30
weird dreams occur during what phase of sleep?
REM
31
irregular changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing occur during [...] sleep
REM
32
atonia occurs during [...] sleep
REM
33
active inhibition of alpha motor neurons via reticulospinal tracts
atonia
34
physiologically, what is the purpose of atonia during REM?
so you don't act out your dreams
35
sleep and wakefulness occur in [...] cycles
24 hour (would still occur in environment without exogenous stimuli)
36
pacemaker for circadian rhythm
suprachaismatic nucleus (in anterior hypothalamus)
37
light sensitive retinal ganglion cells that input into the retinohypothalamic tract to regulate circadian rhythm
melanopsin
38
describe the pathway to release melatonin
suprachiasmatic nucleus --> pineal --> melatonin
39
hypothesis about why sleep is necessary [2]
slow wave sleep is important to restoration REM sleep is important to memory consolidation
40
inability to fall asleep often has a learned behavior component
insomnia
41
abnormal behaviors during sleep
parasomnias
42
difficulty transitioning from sleep to wakefulness
sleep inertia (parasomnia) (set multiple alarms)
43
sleep walking, talking, eating, terrors, and periodic leg movements of sleep occur during [...] sleep
slow wave (type of parasomnia)
44
fairly common cause of excessive daytime sleepiness
periodic leg movement of sleep (parasomnia)
45
failure of REM paralysis mechanism
REM sleep disorder (parasomnia) **sometimes a precursor to parkinsons or Lewy body disease
46
extrinsic circadian rhythm disorders are caused by [2]
time zone change work schedule change
47
intrinsic circadian rhythm disorders [4]
delayed sleep phase (night owls) advanced sleep phase (early birds) non-24-hour sleep wake syndrome irregular sleep/wake rhythm
48
falling asleep in embarrassing or dangerous situations
pathologic sleepiness
49
test for pathologic sleepiness
multiple sleep latency test (positive if average time to fall asleep is less than 8 min)
50
causes of poor quality of sleep [3]
sleep apnea PLMS parasomnia
51
causes of inadequate quantity of sleep [2]
"voluntary" insomnia
52
most common cause of excessive daytime sleepiness
obstructive sleep apnea
53
if the quality of sleep is okay, what are the possible causes of excessive sleepiness? [2]
narcolepsy idiopathic hypersomnolence
54
tests quality of sleep
polysomnogram
55
full syndrome of narcolepsy [4]
1. daytime sleepiness 2. cataplexy 3. sleep paralysis 4. hypnagogic hallucinations (don't have to have all 4)
56
abrupt and reversible loss of muscle tone elicited by strong emotion caused by wakeful activation of REM paralysis
cataplexy (seen in narcolepsy)
57
immediately enter REM sleep when first going to sleep
narcolepsy (normal individuals enter non-REM sleep first)
58
believed to keep brain systems needed for wakefulness from shutting down narcolepsy is hypothesized to be an autoimmune reaction to this substance
orexin
59
which stage of sleep provides neurons with the most rest?
slow wave sleep (low metabolic rates and temperature)
60
what do EEGs record?
changes in potential difference between two electrodes
61
After what stage of sleep are you most likely to awaken?
REM
62
most common period of sleep before spontaneous awakening
REM
63
what is the source of electrical activity in EEG?
sum of all excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic action potentials
64
what nucleus is believed to result in synchronization of the resting membrane potential of cortical neurons?
thalamic reticular nucleus
65
"pace-maker" that causes the synchronization of resting membrane potential of cortical neurons
thalamic reticular nucleus
66
most common cause of excessive daytime sleepiness in adults
sleep apnea
67
circadian rhythm is driven by the [...] nucleus
suprachiasmatic
68
what EEG waveform has the highest frequency and lowest amplitude?
beta
69
what EEG waveform is seen in awake patients with eyes open?
beta
70
what EEG waveform is seen in awake patients with eyes closed?
alpha
71
what EEG waveform is seen in Stage 1?
theta
72
what EEG waveform is seen in Stage 2?
sleep spindles and K complexes
73
what EEG waveform is seen in Stage 3?
delta
74
what EEG waveform has the lowest frequency and highest amplitude?
delta
75
what EEG waveform is seen in REM?
beta
76
patients with narcolepsy have decreased REM [...]
latency
77
extraocular movements occur during REM sleep due to activity of
PPRF
78
what stage of sleep is thought to serve memory processing function?
REM
79
what stage of sleep does teeth grinding occur?
2
80
what stage of sleep does sleepwalking, bedwetting, and night terrors occur?
3
81
a lesion in the [...] would cause reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness, or coma
reticular activating system

BMB Test 3 (18 decks)

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