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GCSE AQA Biology Flashcards > B6 Preventing and Treating Diseases > Flashcards

B6 Preventing and Treating Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What are antibiotics?

A
  • Antibiotics are drugs used to kill or prevent the growth of bacteria
    Each type of antibiotic interferes with bacterial life processes (Eg. making a cell wall)
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2
Q

Can antibiotics kill all pathogens?

A

No
Fungus - Antifungal
Virus - Antiviral

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3
Q

What does antibiotic efficacy mean?

A

How affective it kills the bacteria

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4
Q

Painkillers are used to ……

A

relief any pain, however they can’t destroy the pathogen and cure the disease

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5
Q

Explain the development of antibiotic resistance.

A

Some bacteria can mutate to become resistant (by overuse or underuse of an antibiotic)
So when it is used again there is less competion for survival so the mutated bacteria pass down their resistant genes as they reproduce.

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6
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

Weakend/dead form of a pathogen that still retains it’s antigen (receptor)

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7
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Receptors on the surface of all cells

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8
Q

Define herd immunity.

A

Herd immunity involves vaccinating a large proportion of the population against a certain pathogen (e.g. flu vaccine). This is to reduce the number of people getting the disease and therefore it reduces the spread of the disease

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9
Q

What is meant by antibiotic efficacy?

A

Antibiotic efficacy is how effective an antibiotic is at killing a certain type of bacteria.

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10
Q

Name a common antibiotic.

A

Penicillin

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11
Q

From what plant does the painkiller aspirin originate from?

A

The painkiller aspirin originates from willow.

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12
Q

From which microorganism does the antibiotic penicillin originate?

A

Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming from the Penicillium mould.

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13
Q

Why do new drugs have to be tested before use?

A

To check it’s efficacy, toxicity and the dosage required

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14
Q

What are the 4 stages of drug testing?

A

1) Pre-clinical trials
2) Phase 1 clinical trials
3) Phase 2 clinical trials
4) Phase 3 clinical trials

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15
Q

What is the drug tested on in the pre-clinical trials?

A

Animal tissue (at least two mammals)

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16
Q

What is the drug tested on in all three clinical trials?

A

Human volunteers

17
Q

What happens on Phase 1 of Clinical testing?

A

Healthy volunteers are given a low dosage to test

18
Q

What happens on Phase 2 of Clinical testing?

A

Drug is tested on a small number of patients (single/double blind tests are used)

19
Q

What happens in Phase 3 of Clinical testing?

A

Very large number of patients are given either a placebo or the drug (single/double blind test)

20
Q

What is a single blind test?

A

Some patients are given a placebo to acts as a control

Patients don’t know
Doctor knows

21
Q

What is a double blind test?

A

Some patients are given a placebo to act as a control

Patients don’t know
Doctor dosen’t know

22
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A substance which looks identical to the drug but dosen’t contain it.
- used to find psychological effects of a drug

23
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A

Fusing a plasma cell (lymphocyte) with a tumour/cancer cell (so it clones rapidly)

24
Q

What is a monoclonal antibody?

A

Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single clone of cells, consisting of identical antibody molecules.

25
Q

What type of cell is a monoclonal cell?

A

Hybridoma cell

26
Q

What type of lymphocyte is need for monoclonal antibodies?

A

B-lymphocytes

27
Q

How do monoclonal antibodies work?

A

They bind to a particular antigen so they can target a specific cell or chemical

28
Q

Name three uses for monoclonal antibodies in medicine.

A
  • Detecting cancer cells
  • Pregnancy tests
  • Chemotherapy
29
Q

How do monoclonal antibodies indicate pregnancy?

A

1) The blood of pregnant women contains a hormone called hCG that is made early in pregnancy.

2) Tiny amounts of this hormone are passed out of the body in the urine.

3) Monoclonal antibodies in the pregnancy test bind to the HCG hormone if it is present.

4) This produces a colour change and positive result.

30
Q

Name some possible side effects of monoclonal antibodies.

A
  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Vomiting
  • Nausea

GCSE AQA Biology Flashcards (18 decks)

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