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GCSE AQA Biology Flashcards > B1 Cell Structure > Flashcards

B1 Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you find magnification?

A

Magnification = Size of image / size of real object

(IAM triangle)

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2
Q

How do you calculate the total magnification of a microsope?

A

Total Magnification = Eyepiece lens x Objective lens

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3
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish between two separate points of an image

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4
Q

Define ‘Magnification’

A

Magnification is how much bigger an image is compared to its actual size.

This can be calculated using the IAM triangle.

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5
Q

What type of microscope is used to see organelles?

A

Electron Microscope

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6
Q

How do you calculate percentage change in mass?

A

(Final mass - Initial mass) / (initial mass)

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7
Q

What is a Prokaryotic Cell?

A

Smaller and simple cells with no nucleus

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8
Q

What is a Eukaryotic Cell?

A

A complex cell containg a nucleus

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9
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material (DNA) in the form of chromosomes, controls the cell

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10
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

This is where chemical reactions occur

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11
Q

What occurs in the mitochondria?

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place

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12
Q

What happens in the chloroplasts?

A

This where photosynthesis occurs

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13
Q

What happens in the ribosomes?

A

Where protien synthesis takes place

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14
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

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15
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

A layer of cellulose used to strengthen and protect the cell

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16
Q

What is the vacuole?

A

Contains the cell sap,water and minerals

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17
Q

How do you get from 1000 micrometers to 1mm?

A

Divide by 1000

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18
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen ——> Carbon Dioxide + Water Vapour + Energy (ATP)

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19
Q

What type of DNA do prokaryoitc cells have?

A

1 single loop of DNA called plasmids

20
Q

Define diffusion.

A

The movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration

21
Q

Define osmosis

A

The movememt of water particles from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

22
Q

What is a passive process?

A

An activity which dosen’t require ATP energy

23
Q

What is an active process?

A

An activity which ATP energy is required

24
Q

What is active transport?

A

The diffusion of substances

25
Q

What happens to an animal cell when it is placed in a more DILUTE solution?

A

The cell gains water by osmosis and may burst. This is called lysis.

26
Q

What happens to an animal cell when it is placed in a more CONCENTRATED solution?

A

The cell loses water by osmosis and shrivels. This is called crenation.

27
Q

What happens to a plant cell when it is placed in a more DILUTE solution?

A

The cell gains water by osmosis but does not burst. This cell is now turgid.

28
Q

Why does a plant cell not burst when it is placed in a more dilute solution?

A

The plant cell has a cell wall.

29
Q

What happens to an plant cell when it is placed in a more CONCENTRATED solution?

A

The cell loses water by osmosis. The cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall. This is is called plasmolysis.

30
Q

Give an example of a substance that moves by active ranspor

A

Mineral ions

31
Q

Adaptations of Sperm Cells

A
  • Streamlined head and a long tail (to help swim)
  • Many mitochondira to aid movement
  • Contains a digestive enzyme to break the outer layer of the egg
32
Q

Adaptations of nerve cells

A
  • Nerve endings contain many mitochondria
  • Long axons to enable impulses to be carried along long distances
  • Has many extenstions from the cell for branced connections
33
Q

Adaptations of muscle cells

A
  • Lots of mitochondria
  • Store glycogen
  • Have special protiens which slide over each other (causing muscles to contract)
34
Q

Adaptations of root hair cells

A
  • Large surface area to store more water
  • Large permanent vacuole (affects the speed of osmosis from soil to cell)
  • Lots of mitochondria (energy needed for active ranspor)
35
Q

Adaptations of xylem cells

A
  • Hollow
  • Joined end to end to form a continuous tube
  • Lignin is deposited in spirals (which helps the cell wall withstand high pressure)
36
Q

Adaptations of phloem cells

A
  • Have a companion cell with mitochondria to supply energy
  • Fewer organelles for food to move faster
  • Cell walls form structures called sieve plates allowing the movement of substances from cell to cell
37
Q

Pros and Cons of an electron microscope

A

Pros
- higher magnification and resolution (can see organelles)
Cons
- expensive
- can’t see colour

38
Q

Pros and Cons of a light microscope

A

Pros
- image is coloured
- cheap
- high voltage isn’t required

cons
- limited magnification

39
Q

How do you convert mm into µm

A

X1000

40
Q

If you place a human hair on a microscope slide, and look at it under a microscope, is the hair itself considered the object or the image?

A

Object, The hair itself is the object because it’s the real hair sitting on the slide.

41
Q

If you look at cheek cells under a microscope, are the shapes that you see when looking down the microscope the object or the image?

A

Image, The shapes you see are the image because they are a magnified version of the real object, created by the microscope

42
Q

How do you convert µm into mm?

A

Divide by 1000

43
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

By binary fission,

44
Q

How do you making bacteria culture with aspetic techniques?

A

1) Lift the lid of the petri dish towards flame to sterilse
2) Spread a drop of culture on agar evenly
3) Put discs of antibiotic on culture if needed
4) Few bits of tape (to allow aerobic respiration) and incubate at 25°C
5) Later, measure size of area with no bacteria

45
Q

Why is osmosis passive?

A

Because it requires no energy

GCSE AQA Biology Flashcards (18 decks)

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