B4 Organising Animals and Plants Flashcards
What are the components in the blood?
Plasma, white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets
What is blood plasma?
A yellow-like liquid which tranfers blood cells and other substances around your body
What are red blood cells?
Cells that carry oxygen around the body
What are the adaptations of red blod cells?
- They are biconcave, giving them a bigger surface area
- They are full of a red pigment called ‘Haemoglobin’ which binds with oxygen
- They have no nucleus, making more space for haemoglobin
Haemoglobin + oxygen is a ……. reaction
Reversible
What are the functions of platelets?
Helps the blood clot
What is the function of the arteries?
Transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the other organs and lungs (double cirulatory system)
What is the function of the veins?
Transports deoxygenated blood to the heart
What is the function of the capillaries?
It is a vast network of microscopic vessels that connects the veins and arteries.
- Because they are small and delicate, oxygen and glucose can easily transfer from the blood and into the cells
What is a double circulatory system?
When one transport system send blood from the heart to the lungs, whilst one send it to the other organs
What are the main types of blood vessels?
Arteries, veins and capillaries
The valves prevent backflow which means…..
The blood flows in right direction
Circulatory system tranports…
Useful substances (such as glucose,oxygen, amino acids) towards cells and waste products away from cells.
In open circulatory systems…..
heart pumps blood away into blood vessels then blood leaves the vessels
In closed cirulatory systems…..
blood is always enclosed in blood vessels
How does blood flow in a single cirulated system?
Once
How many chambers are in the heart?
Four
Top chambers are atria
Bottom chambers are ventricles
What is the outer layer of the arteries?
It’s made up of a types of protien called collagen which provides strength and mantains the shape
Adaptations of the arteries
- Thick elastic layer stretches and recoils to withstand high pressure.
- Arteries have a smaller lumen to maintain high blood pressure.
- Arteries carry oxygenatad blood, except the pulmonary artery.
Adaptations of veins :
- Thinner layer of smooth muscles due to lower pressure
- Thinner layer of elastic fibres as there is no need of stretching and recoiling.
- Veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood
Adaptatipns of capillaries :
- Walls are one cell thick to provide short diffusion paths
- The lumen is only large enough to allow red blood cells to travel through in single file to increases contact of red blood cells with capillary walls
What is coronary heart disease?
C.H.D is a condition in which the coronary arteries constrict or get blocked.
What are stents?
Stents are metalic tubes which are inserted into the blocked artery to push the plaque down and keep the artery open.
What the pros of using stents?
- reduces the risk of developing a heart attack
- there are no side-effects
What is statin?
It is a drug which can be used to control cholestrol level in blood, however this must be used throughout your life and can give extreme side-effects.
Labeled Diagram of heart?
In Goodnotes
What is Alveoli?
Tiny air sacs in the lungs which are specifcally adapted for gas exchange
Function of Alveoli :
This is where the blood and lungs exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and out
Adaptations of alveoli?
- thin for short diffusion
- large surface area
- moist
- constantly taking blood away to keep up the diffusion gradient
What are the main muscles involved in breathing?
Diaphram and intercostal muscles
What organs are used to transport substances in a plant?
Roots,stem and leaves
Function of xylem :
Carry water and disolved mineral ions from the roots up to the leaves
Function of the phloem :
Carry dissolved sugars from the leaves around the plant
Epidermal tissue ….
cover the surface and protect
Palisade mesophyll contains ……
lots of chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis
Spongy mesophyll contain….
Some chloroplasts for photosynthesis but have big air spaces and a large surface area to make the diffusion of gas easier
What is Translocation?
The movement of dissolved sugars from the leaves
What is stomata?
Small holes over the surface of leaves that open when the plant wants to let air in.
What is transpiration?
The loss of water vapour on the surface of plant leaves
What do guard cells control?
The size of stomata and it’s opening and closing
Rate limiting factors of transpiration?
- Temperature
- Humidity
- Air Flow
- Light intensity
What conditions make transpiration rapid?
Hot,dry,windy or bright conditions
Describe the pathway of blood.
(RHS) Vena cava –> right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary artery (pumps blood to the lungs) –> (LHS) Pulmonary vein –> left atrium –> left ventricle –> aorta (pumps blood all around the body)
What are the lungs seperated by?
Pleural membranes.
The air that is breathed in goes through the …..
…trachea
What are the cons of using stents?
- risk of infections by minor surgery
- can cause blood clotting, drugs must be constantly taken to stop this
What is ventilation?
The movement of air in and out of the lungs which occurs during the contraction and relaxation of certain muscles.
How do you calculate the rate of blood flow?
Volume of Blood / Time taken
What is the definition of a heart attack?
When the blood flow gets blocked causing the heart to stop contracting.
Where are the lungs located?
In the thorax, seperated from the rest of the body by the diaphram
How does air enter the body?
Through mouth or nose
What is the movement of air through the respiratory system?
1) Air enters through the mouth or nose and travels down the trachea
2) Trachea splits into two bronchi
3) Bronchi branch into bronchioles
4) It ends in the alveoli where the gas exchange takes place
What happens during exhalation?
1) The external intercostal muscles relax which pulls the rib cage downwards and inwards
2) The diaphram relaxes and moves upwards
3) This decreases the volume and increase the pressure of thorax
Air is expelled
What happens during inhalation? (EIDC VIPDT)
1) The external intercostal muscles contract pulling the rib cage up and out
2) The diaphragm contracts and flattens
3) This increases the volume and decreases the pressure of the thorax
Air is drawn into the body
What is the purpose of transpiration?
- To release thermal energy
- To move up the transpiration string (bringing the mineral ions and water up the plant)
