B6) Preventing And Treating Disease Flashcards
What is a vaccine made of?
Dead or inactivated form of disease-causing microorganism.
How does a vaccine work?
Stimulates body’s natural immune response to invading pathogens.
What is herd immunity?
If large proportion of population immune to a disease, spread of pathogen in population greatly reduced + disease may even disappear.
What can antibiotics not kill?
Viral pathogens. Have no effect on diseases caused by viruses.
Where do viruses reproduce?
Inside cells of body. Difficult to develop drugs that kill virus without harming cells + tissues of body at same time.
Why are antibiotics not the complete answer to the problem of infectious diseases?
1) Antibiotics don’t kill viral pathogens- no effect on diseases caused by viruses.
2) Strains of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics are evolving. Antibiotics that may have killed a particular type of bacteria no longer have an effect so can’t cure disease.
What kind of predicament may some future generations find themselves in?
There are some types of bacteria that are resistant to all-known antibiotics. Emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria matter of great concern.
Unless scientists discover new antibiotics soon, may no longer be able to cure bacterial diseases.
What are the qualities of a good medicine?
1) Effective- must prevent or cure disease or at least make you feel better.
2) Safe- drug must not be too toxic(poisonous) or have unacceptable side effects for patient.
3) Stable- able to use medicine under normal conditions + store for some time.
4) Successfully taken into + removed from body- must reach target + be cleared from system once done its work.
Where does undergoing preclinical testing take place?
In laboratory using, cells, tissues + live animals.
What do drugs that pass animal testing go on to?
Clinical trials.
What does a placebo contain?
Different drug already used to treat disease- means patient not deprived of treatment whilst taking part in trial.
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Antibodies produced from single clone of cells.
What are the new cells from combining cells from mice or people known as?
Hybridomas.
How do you make a monoclonal antibody?
Lymphocytes make antibodies but can’t divide. Tumour cells don’t usually make antibodies but can divide rapidly to make clone of cells. Combine lymphocytes stimulated to make particular antibody with type of tumour cell to make cell called a hybridoma. Single hybridoma cells divide to make large number of identical cells that all produce same antibodies.
