B4) Organising Animals And Plants Flashcards
What are the components of the blood?
White blood cells.
Red blood cells.
Platelets.
Plasma.
What adaptations do red blood cells have?
Biconcave discs- gives increased surface area to volume ratio for diffusion.
Red pigment called haemoglobin- binds to oxygen.
No nucleus making more room for haemoglobin.
What adaptations does plasma have as a transport medium?
Waste carbon dioxide produced by cells carried to lungs.
Urea formed in liver from breakdown of excess proteins carried to kidneys where removed from blood to form urine.
Small soluble products of digestion pass into plasma from small intestine + are transported to individual cells.
What do white blood cells do?
Some (lymphocytes) form antibodies against harmful microorganisms. Some form antitoxins against poisons made by microorganisms.
Others (phagocytes) engulf + digest invading bacteria + viruses.
What are platelets?
Small fragments of cells.
What do platelets do?
Important in helping blood to clot at site of wound.
What do platelets not have?
Nucleus.
What is blood clotting?
Series of enzyme-controlled reactions that result in converting fibrinogen into fibrin.
Why are valves important?
Prevent backflow of blood.
What is the importance of a double circulatory system?
1 transport system carries blood from heart to lungs + back again. Allows oxygen + carbon dioxide to be exchanged with the air in the lungs.
Other transport system carries blood from heart to all other organs of your body + back again.
Are there different types of blood vessels?
Yes.
What are the three blood vessels?
Arteries.
Veins.
Capillaries.
What do capillaries form throughout the body?
Huge network of tiny vessels linking the arteries + veins.
What does the right ventricle do?
Forces deoxygenated blood out of heart.
What is the blood coming into the left atrium in the pulmonary vein?
Oxygenated blood.
What do the ventricles do?
Contract + force blood out of heart.
What does the left ventricle do?
Pumps oxygenated blood around body in big artery called aorta.
What is the blood coming into the right atrium from the vena cava?
Deoxygenated blood.
What are the atria?
Top chambers of your heart which blood enters from.
What should you remember when dissecting a heart?
The heart’s left is your right. Your left is the heart’s right. (Its inverted).
What is a stent?
Metal mesh that is placed in artery.
How does the use of a stent solve the problem of coronary heart disease?
Tiny balloon inflated to open up blood vessel + stent at same time. Balloon deflated + removed but stent remains in place, holding blood vessel open. When done blood in coronary artery flows freely.
What do statins do?
Reduce blood cholesterol levels + slows down rate at which fatty material deposited in coronary arteries.
How do artificial pacemakers work?
Electrical device used to correct irregularities in heart rate, implanted into chest. Only weigh between 20-50g, attached to heart by 2 wires. Artificial pacemaker sends strong, regular electrical signals to heart that stimulate it to beat properly. Modern pacemakers sensitive to what body needs + only work when natural rhythm goes wrong. Some even stimulate heart to beat faster when exercising.
What can artificial hearts do?
Give diseased heart a rest so that it can recover. Patients have part or whole artificial heart implanted that removes strain of keeping blood circulating for few weeks or months.
What are the parts of the gas exchange system?
Nose. Mouth. Intercostal muscles. Rib Lung. Heart. Bronchioles. Alveoli (air sacs). Abdomen. Trachea (windpipe). Bronchi. Diaphragm.
