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GCSE Revision Flashcards > B6 Inheritance, Variation And Evolution > Flashcards

B6 Inheritance, Variation And Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA is a polymer composed of polynucleotides called chains.

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2
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

DNA is a double-helix structure.

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3
Q

What does DNA make up?

A

Genes

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4
Q

Where are genes found?

A

On chromosomes

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5
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A molecule made from many repeating subunits called nucleotides.

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6
Q

What are the 4 bases in DNA structure? (Hint: GATTACA)

A
  1. Thymine
  2. Guanine
  3. Adenine
  4. Cytosine
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7
Q

What are the colours for each DNA base? (Hint: GATTACA)

A

Thymine is yellow.
Guanine is blue.
Adenine is red.
Cytosine is green.

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8
Q

How do the 4 DNA bases pair? (Hint: GATTACA)

A

Thymine <—> Adenine
Guanine <—> Cytosine

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9
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A sex cell.

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10
Q

What are gametes in humans?

A

Sperm and egg cells.

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11
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Long threads of DNA made up of genes.

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12
Q

Where are chromosomes found?

A

The nucleus of a cell.

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13
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small section of DNA on a chromosome, that codes for a specific sequence of amino acids, to make a specific protein.

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14
Q

What is the unit of heredity?

A

Genes. They can be copied and passed on for generations.

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15
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of the same gene (ie. blue/brown eye colour alleles).

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16
Q

What is it called if a person has the same 2 alleles for any gene?

A

Homozygous

17
Q

What is it called if a person has 2 different alleles for the same gene?

A

Heterozygous

18
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The collection of alleles that determine characteristics. Can be expressed as a phenotype.

19
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

The dominant allele is always expressed, even if only one is present. In a Punnett square, the dominant allele is represented by a capital letter. For example, if one allele has a dominant gene such as brown eyes, that allele will give you brown eyes.

20
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

The recessive allele is only expressed if the individual has 2 copies. In a Punnett square, it is represented by a lowercase letter.

21
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

The alleles are both identical for the same characteristic.

22
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

The alleles are both different for the same characteristic.

23
Q

What are the odds of having a male/female baby?

A

Always 50%.

24
Q

What is the male sex allele?

A

XY

25
Q

What is the female sex allele?

A

XX

26
Q

What are squares which show mono hybrid single gene allele combinations?

A

Punnett Squares

27
Q

What is sickle cell anoemia, and is it recessive or dominant?

A

An inherited disease which alters shape of red blood cells. Caused by a recessive gene.

28
Q

What is Huntington’s Disease and is it caused by a recessive or dominant gene?

A

An inherited disease affecting the nervous system of middle aged people. Caused by a dominant gene.

29
Q

What is polydactyl and is it caused by a recessive or dominant gene?

A

An inherited disease resulting in extra fingers or toes. Caused by a dominant gene.

30
Q

What is cystic fibrosis and is it caused by a recessive or dominant gene?

A

An inherited disease of the cell membranes affecting the lungs and digestive system. Caused by a recessive gene.

31
Q

What is genetic screening?

A

Testing people or groups of people for the presence of a particular allele or other genetic abnormality.

32
Q

What is amniocentesis?

A

Genetic screening involving using a needle to take some amniotic fluid surrounding a foetus to be analysed.

33
Q

What is genetic testing?

A

Analysis of DNA to identify genetic disorders.

34
Q

What is antenatal testing?

A

Looking at chromosomes before birth to identify possible disorders.

35
Q

What is neonatal testing?

A

Taking a blood sample from a newborn baby to identify possible disorders.

36
Q

What is pre-implantation genetic diagnosis?

A

Analysing a grown embryo to identify possible genetic disorders.

GCSE Revision Flashcards (21 decks)

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