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GCSE Revision Flashcards > B1 Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1 Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells found?

A

Embryo

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2
Q

Where are adult stem cells found?

A

In the body after birth. Bone marrow.

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3
Q

What is the disadvantage of adult stem cells?

A

They can only differentiate into most types of cells.

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4
Q

What are the three main organs of a plant?

A

Leaf, stem, roots

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5
Q

What is the function of the leaf?

A

Absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis

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6
Q

What is the function of the stem?

A

Transports nutrients around the plant

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7
Q

What is the function of the roots?

A

Absorbs water and mineral ions from the ground

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8
Q

What are the first type of cells formed in animals?

A

Stem cells

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9
Q

What are the first type of cells formed in plants?

A

Meristems

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10
Q

Where are meristems found?

A

Root tips

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11
Q

Can stem cells change cell type?

A

No, not once decided

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12
Q

Can meristem cells change type?

A

Yes, they can redifferentiate as required.

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13
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process where cells become specialised at different points during development, giving them special features.

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14
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

Magnification = image size / actual size

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15
Q

Order the following: organ, cell, organelle, organ system, tissue

A

Organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system

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16
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

Contracts to allow movement

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17
Q

What is the function of glandular tissue?

A

Produces hormones/enzymes

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18
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

Lines the surface of the organs for protection

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19
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The movement of water from the roots to the xylem - loss of water via evaporation

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20
Q

What is the function of a xylem cell?

A

To transport WATER AND MINERALS up the stem from the roots to shoots and leaves. This is a one-way transfer only.

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21
Q

What substance strengthens the xylem?

A

Lignin

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22
Q

What is the function of a phloem cell?

A

To transport SUGARS produced in the leaves up and down the stem to growing and storage tissues.

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23
Q

What is the movement of sugars through the phloem known as?

A

Translocation

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24
Q

What is the movement of water and mineral ions from the roots to the xylem known as?

A

Transpiration

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25
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water -> oxygen + glucose

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26
Q

What is the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> 6O2 + C6H12O6

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27
Q

What is the function of the guard cell?

A

Open and close the stomata to prevent water loss.

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28
Q

What is the function of the stomata?

A

Allows gas diffusion

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29
Q

What is the function of the air space?

A

Space for gases to diffuse

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30
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A

Transports water and minerals

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31
Q

What is the function of the lower epidermis?

A

Forms a protective layer

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32
Q

What is the function of the phloem?

A

Transports food substances (sugars)

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33
Q

What is the function of veins on leaves?

A

Acts as a continuation of the stem

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34
Q

How does light intensity affect transpiration?

A

In bright light, transpiration increases

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35
Q

How does humidity affect transpiration?

A

Transpiration is slower in humid conditions

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36
Q

How does windy weather affect transpiration?

A

Faster in windy conditions

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37
Q

How does temperature affect transpiration?

A

Higher temperatures = faster rate of transpiration

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38
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell without a nucleus

39
Q

Where is DNA stored?

A

In the nucleus

40
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls movement of substances

41
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

42
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Where chemical reactions take place

43
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Respiration

44
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Strengthens the cell

45
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose

46
Q

Where is DNA stored?

A

In the nucleus

47
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Keeps the cell rigid

48
Q

What does the vacuole contain?

A

Cell sap

49
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell with a nucleus

50
Q

What are the features of the average bacterial cell?

A

Slime capsule, ribosomes, plasmids, flagella, cell membrane, genetic material, cytoplasm, cell wall

51
Q

What did eukaryotic cells evolve from?

A

Prokaryotic cells

52
Q

How would you cultivate bacteria in a school laboratory?

A

In a nutrient broth solution as colonies on an agar plate

53
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Protein molecules that make up enzymes

54
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants?

A

Meristem

55
Q

What are the 4 components of blood?

A

Platelets, plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells

56
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

To clot wounds

57
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

To carry substances (liquid)

58
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

To fight off infection

59
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

To carry oxygen around the body

60
Q

What do red blood cells contain to help them carry oxygen?

A

Haemoglobin

61
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to carry oxygen around the body?

A

No nucleus (more space), contain haemoglobin, disk-shaped (small + flexible biconcave shape), large surface area

62
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Dividing in order to increase the number of cells

63
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

64
Q

How will a higher concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Higher concentration gradient = faster rate of reaction

65
Q

You could increase the rate of diffusion by:

A

Increasing concentration gradient, increasing temperature, increasing surface area or decreasing distance for diffusion

66
Q

Give 2 examples of diffusion:

A

Any 2 from:
ALVEOLI - gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
VILLI - absorbing nutrients - microvilli to increase surface area and speed of diffusion
BACTERIA - absorbing oxygen

67
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The net movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a partially permeable membrane

68
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

A membrane with tiny holes

69
Q

What is it called when a cell swells and bursts due to excess water?

A

To lyse

70
Q

What happens if an animal cell loses water due to osmosis?

A

The cell shrinks and loses mass

71
Q

What happens if an animal gains water due to osmosis?

A

The cell lyses (swells and bursts)

72
Q

Name 2 examples of osmosis:

A

LARGE INTESTINE - absorbs water
STOMATA - water vapour leaving the stomata
ROOT HAIR CELLS - absorbing water
KIDNEYS

73
Q

What is active transport?

A

The net movement of particles from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration

74
Q

What is required for active transport to take place?

A

Energy and a membrane for carrier proteins

75
Q

What is ATP?

A

Energy

76
Q

Give 2 examples of active transport:

A

ROOT HAIR CELLS - absorbing mineral ions from the soil
DIGESTION - small intestine (villi/microvilli) - GLUCOSE

77
Q

Which type of particle transfer (diffusion/osmosis/active transport) works against the concentration gradient?

A

Active transport

78
Q

How does surface area: volume ratio effect object size?

A

The larger an objects size, the lower the surface area: volume ratio

79
Q

How do you calculate surface area: volume ratio?

A

SA = area of 1 side * number of sides. Leave in the form SA/V:1

80
Q

How does the concentration gradient effect the rate of diffusion?

A

Higher concentration gradient = faster rate of diffusion

81
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + Water –> Glucose + Oxygen

82
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

Endothermic - it takes in heat from the sun

83
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

A reaction which releases heat/energy

84
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

A reaction which takes in heat/energy

85
Q

What are the 3 uses for glucose when produced during photosynthesis?

A
  1. Respiration (energy release)
  2. Cellulose (cell walls)
  3. Starch (storage - insoluble)
86
Q

Why is starch good for storage?

A

It is insoluble - it does not affect water concentration inside the cells

87
Q

What are the 3 factors increasing the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  1. Higher temperature
  2. Higher carbon dioxide levels
  3. Higher light intensity
88
Q

What are the 4 factors decreasing the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  1. Lower carbon dioxide levels
  2. Lower water concentration
  3. Lower temperatures
  4. Lower light intensity
89
Q

How does the concentration of salt affect the weight of a potato chip? (Osmosis RPA)

A

Greater concentration of salt = more weight loss

90
Q

How does the concentration of salt affect the weight of a potato chip? (Osmosis RPA)

A

Greater concentration of salt = more weight loss (water is absorbed by the salt)

91
Q

How does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis? (Photosynthesis RPA)

A

Greater light intensity = faster rate of photosynthesis

92
Q

What is the equation for respiration?

A

Oxygen + Glucose –> Carbon Dioxide + Water

93
Q

How do you calculate percentage change?

A

% change = ((end weight - start weight) / (start weight)) * 100

GCSE Revision Flashcards (21 decks)

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