B6 Flashcards
Immunisation involves what process
Vascination
What are vaccines made off
Dead or inactivated form of a disease
What does the vaccine do
It stimulates the white blood cells to produce the antibodies it needs to fight the pathogens.
What happens if you meet the live version of the virus after you have been vaccinated
Your white blood cells can respond rapidly making the right antibodies
What is herd immunity
This is when a large proportion of the population is immune to a disease the spread of pathogens in the populations would be reduced
What if the number of vaccines people drops
Herd immunity is lost
What do drugs such as as aspirin and paracetamol do
They relieve symptoms but do not kill pathogens
Antiseptics and disinfectants do what
They kill bacteria outside the body
What drug can used too kill bacteria inside the body
Antibiotics
How do Antibiotics work
They damage bacteria cells without harming your cell
How can antibiotics be taken
Through pill or syrup but if you are very ill it can put directly in the blood stream
What is the negatives of Antibiotics
They cannot kill viral diseases and some bacteria have evolved to become immune too antibiotics
Where does Digitalis come from and what its it’s function
It comes from the the foxgloves plants and is used too make the heartbeat stronger
Where is aspirin found
The bark of a willow tree
What is the function of aspirin
Pain relief
Who discovered penicillin
Alexander Fleming
What did Alexander Fleming notice
He noticed a clear ring around a mould (penicillin) meaning that the bacteria around where killed
What is the properties good medicine
Effectiveness-it must prevent or cure a disease of at least make you feel better
Safe-the drug must not be toxic
Stable-you must be able to use the medicine under normal condition
What is preclinical testing
In this stage researchers target a disease and make a lot of possible new drugs. These are tested in labs on cells and tissue to check toxicity and efficiency. They are then moved onto live animals ro check effects on living organism
What is clinical testing
Clinical trials are use healthy volunteers and patients. First very low doses are given to healthy people to check for side effects. If the drugs is safe it tried on patients to see if it treats the disease. If it works the optimum dosage is found.
What is double blind trial
This is where a group of patients are tested the effects of a new dug. Some people were given a placebo and neither the patient or the doctor now who. This checks if its actully the drugs helping
What are monoclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies are proteins that are produced to target particular cells or chemicals
What do the white blood cells Lymphocytes do
They create antigen and cannot divide
What are the benefits of tumor cells
They divide rapidly
What do scientist combine to a create hybridoma cell
Mice lymphocytes and tumor cells
What happens after hybridomas cells are made
The are cultured and multiply to create large numbers of these are purified to just leave the antobodies
Uses of monoclonal antibodies
- Pregnancy test
- Diagnoses of disease
- measuring and monitoring
- research
- treating disease
What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies
- direct use of monoclonal antibodies to trigger the immune system
- using monoclonal antibodies to block receptors on the surface of cancer cell to stop cells from growing
- monoclonal antibodies can be used to carry toxic drugs or radio active substances for radiation therapy
What are the advantages monoclonal antibodies
- they bind to specific diseased or damaged cell so healthy cells are not effected
- as they are so specific they can used to treat a wide range of conditions
Disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies
- they are very expensive
- they are not as successful as hoped
- they cause side effects due too the mouses cells
