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Biology > B6 > Flashcards

B6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Immunisation involves what process

A

Vascination

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2
Q

What are vaccines made off

A

Dead or inactivated form of a disease

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3
Q

What does the vaccine do

A

It stimulates the white blood cells to produce the antibodies it needs to fight the pathogens.

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4
Q

What happens if you meet the live version of the virus after you have been vaccinated

A

Your white blood cells can respond rapidly making the right antibodies

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5
Q

What is herd immunity

A

This is when a large proportion of the population is immune to a disease the spread of pathogens in the populations would be reduced

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6
Q

What if the number of vaccines people drops

A

Herd immunity is lost

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7
Q

What do drugs such as as aspirin and paracetamol do

A

They relieve symptoms but do not kill pathogens

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8
Q

Antiseptics and disinfectants do what

A

They kill bacteria outside the body

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9
Q

What drug can used too kill bacteria inside the body

A

Antibiotics

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10
Q

How do Antibiotics work

A

They damage bacteria cells without harming your cell

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11
Q

How can antibiotics be taken

A

Through pill or syrup but if you are very ill it can put directly in the blood stream

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12
Q

What is the negatives of Antibiotics

A

They cannot kill viral diseases and some bacteria have evolved to become immune too antibiotics

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13
Q

Where does Digitalis come from and what its it’s function

A

It comes from the the foxgloves plants and is used too make the heartbeat stronger

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14
Q

Where is aspirin found

A

The bark of a willow tree

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15
Q

What is the function of aspirin

A

Pain relief

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16
Q

Who discovered penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming

17
Q

What did Alexander Fleming notice

A

He noticed a clear ring around a mould (penicillin) meaning that the bacteria around where killed

18
Q

What is the properties good medicine

A

Effectiveness-it must prevent or cure a disease of at least make you feel better
Safe-the drug must not be toxic
Stable-you must be able to use the medicine under normal condition

19
Q

What is preclinical testing

A

In this stage researchers target a disease and make a lot of possible new drugs. These are tested in labs on cells and tissue to check toxicity and efficiency. They are then moved onto live animals ro check effects on living organism

20
Q

What is clinical testing

A

Clinical trials are use healthy volunteers and patients. First very low doses are given to healthy people to check for side effects. If the drugs is safe it tried on patients to see if it treats the disease. If it works the optimum dosage is found.

21
Q

What is double blind trial

A

This is where a group of patients are tested the effects of a new dug. Some people were given a placebo and neither the patient or the doctor now who. This checks if its actully the drugs helping

22
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies

A

Monoclonal antibodies are proteins that are produced to target particular cells or chemicals

23
Q

What do the white blood cells Lymphocytes do

A

They create antigen and cannot divide

24
Q

What are the benefits of tumor cells

A

They divide rapidly

25
Q

What do scientist combine to a create hybridoma cell

A

Mice lymphocytes and tumor cells

26
Q

What happens after hybridomas cells are made

A

The are cultured and multiply to create large numbers of these are purified to just leave the antobodies

27
Q

Uses of monoclonal antibodies

A
  • Pregnancy test
  • Diagnoses of disease
  • measuring and monitoring
  • research
  • treating disease
28
Q

What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies

A
  • direct use of monoclonal antibodies to trigger the immune system
  • using monoclonal antibodies to block receptors on the surface of cancer cell to stop cells from growing
  • monoclonal antibodies can be used to carry toxic drugs or radio active substances for radiation therapy
29
Q

What are the advantages monoclonal antibodies

A
  • they bind to specific diseased or damaged cell so healthy cells are not effected
  • as they are so specific they can used to treat a wide range of conditions
30
Q

Disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies

A
  • they are very expensive
  • they are not as successful as hoped
  • they cause side effects due too the mouses cells

Biology (9 decks)

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