B4 Flashcards
What are the parts of the blood
- Plasma
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- platelets
What colour is the blood plasma
It a thick yellow liquid
What does the blood plasma do
Transports all your blood cells and some other substances around the body
What does the plasma transport
- Urea is formed in your liver and is moved into the kidney through it
- Small soluble products of digestion
What do the red blood cells do
Red blood cells pick up oxygen from the lungs and carry it to the cells that it is needed from.
What are the adaptation of the red blood cell
- they are biconcave to increase surface area
- they have a red pigment called haemoglobin that binds to oxygen
- they have no nucleus to allow more space for haemoglobin
What are the function of the white blood cell
They help protect the body from harmful pathogens
What are the two white blood cells called
Lymphocytes and Phagocytes
What does the lymphocytes do
They dorm antibodies against microorganisms
What does the phagocytes do
Phagocytes engulfs and digests invading bacterias and viruses
What are platelets
Small fragments of cells
What do platelets do
They help the blood clot at the site of a wound
What is blood clotting
Blood clotting is the series of enzyme controlled reactions that result in converting fibrinogen into fibrin
What is the artery and what does it do
The arteries carry blood away from your heart to your organs. The blood is bright red as it is oxygenated. Arteries have thick walls containing muscles and elastic fibres.
What is the vein and what does it do
The vein carries blood away from the organs an to your heart. The blood is deoxygenated and therefore a deep purple-red colour. They have thin walls and have valves to prevent back flow of blood.
What are the capillaries and what does it do
The capillaries form a huge network that link veins and arteries they are narrow and have thin walls( one cell thick) which letts stuff diffuse out easily
What do mammals all have in common
Double circulatory system
What are is the functions the two transports systems in the double circulatory system
- one transport system carries blood from your heart to your lungs and back again, this allows the blood to become oxygenated
- the other transport system carries the blood from the heart and then around the body
What are the top chambers called in a heart
Atria
Where does the blood come from too the right atrium
Vena cava and is deoxygenated
Where does the blood come from too the left atrium
Pulmonary vein and is oxygenated blood
Where does the atrium push the blood too
The ventricles
What stops back flow of blood
Valves
Where and what through does the right ventricle pump
The right ventrial pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs
Where and what through does the left ventricle pump
The lungs ventrial pumps oxygenated blood through the aorta the rest of the body
Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than right ventricle
As the left ventricle has too pump blood too the whole body while the right ventricle only has to go the lungs
What happens in coronary heart disease
The coronary arteries(which supply blood to the heart) become too narrow
What is a common cause of coronary heart disease
The buildup of fatty material on the lining of the vessel
What are the consequences of coronary heart disease
When the blood flow through coronary arteries is reduced the supply of oxygen is also reduced causing pain, heart attacks, and even death
What is a common solution too coronary heart disease
Stents
What is a stent
As stent is a metal mesh that props the artery open, a balloon is inflated inside it make it expand
What do stents release
Drugs to prevent the blood clotting
What is a bypass surgery
This is used when stents cannot be used as the blockage is too severe. Other bits of arteries and veins are used to create a alternative route for the blood too pass
What are statins
These are drugs that reduce blood cholesterol levels which slows sown the rate of which fatty material is deposited
What is a leaky valve
Heart valves have to withstand a lot of pressure, over time they may start to leak or become stiff and not open fully.
What are the solutions for a leaky valve
Doctors can operate and replace faulty valves, these can last 12-15 years but would mean that they have to take medication
What is the resting rhythm of a healthy heart
70 beats per minute
What controls the hearts beat
It is controlled by a group of cell in the right atrium
What happens if the the natural pacemaker doesn’t work
- If the heart beats too slowly the person would not get enough oxygen
- if the heart beats too fast it cannot pump blood properly
What can be used too solve the problems with a rhythm of the heart
An artificial pace maker, you will need regular checkups with these
What is the function of epidermal tissues
It covers the the surface and protects them, these cells often secrete a waxy substance to become waterproofd
What is the function of palisade mesophyll tissues
It contains lots of chloroplasts for photsythesis
What is the function of spongy mesophyll tissues
It contains some chloroplasts but mainly has large airs spaces and a large surface area to make diffusion easier
What is the function of xylem tissues
The xylem carry water and dissolved mineral ions
What is the function of the phloem
The phloem carries dissolved food made by photosythesis from the leaves around the plants
What is the movement of dissolved sugars called
Translocation
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B4.8 + B4.9
