B3 Flashcards
What is a tissue
A tissue is a group of cells with a similar structre and function working to together.
What is an organ
Organs are a collection of tissues. Organs contain several tissues, all working together too form a specific task.
Tissues in the organ.
Muscle tissue-to churn food and digestive juices of the stomach together
Glandular tissue-to produce digestive juices
Epithelial tissue-coats the outside and inside of the muscle.
What is an Organ system
A organ system is group of organs working together too form a similar function.
What does the digestive system do
It breaks down large insoluble molecules so it can be soluble and we absorb all the molecules
What is the digestive system
An organ system
How does the digestive system move food through it
It uses muscular tubes to move it across
What does the glands make and release
They release digestive juices counting enzymes to break down food
Where does the body break down large insoluble molecules so it can be soluble
In the stomach and the small intestine and enzymes are used to break down the food
Where does the food molecules get absorbed
In the small intestine
Adaptation of the small intestine
- it has a large surface area as it is covered in villi
- it has a good blood supply
- it has a short diffusion distance to the blood
What transports the food molecules around the body
Your blood
Where does the small intestine squeeze undigested food too
The large intestine
What does the the large intestine do
It absorbs water from the undigested food to produce faeces
What does the lives produce for the digestive system
Bile
What does bile help digest
Lipids
What do carbohydrates provide us with
Fuel too make all other reaction of life possible
What chemical elements do carbohydrates contain
Carbon,hydrogen and oxygen
What are carbohydrates made off (not elements)
Units of sugar
What are carbohydrates counting 1 sugar unit called
Glucose
What is an example of two sugar units joined together
Sucrose
What are small carbohydrates (sugar) units called
Simple sugars
What are examples of complex carbohydrates
Starch and cellulose
What are are complex carbohydrates such as starch and cellulose made up of
Long chains of simple sugars bonded together
What are carbohydrate-rich food
- bread
- rice
- pasta
- potatoes
What will happen to most of the carbohydrates you eat
They will be broken down to glucose and be used in cellular respiration
What are lipids
Lipids are fats (solids) and oils (liquids)
What are the functions of lipids
They are efficient energy stores and are a important source of energy in your diet
How does lipids act on water
Lipids are insoluble in water so they don’t mix
Where and why are lipids important
In your cell membrane as they act as hormones they are also important to the nervous system
What chemical elements are lipids made of
Carbon,hydrogen and oxygen (like carbohydrates)
Lipids are made of what (not chemical elements)
Three molecules of fatty acids joined to a molecule of glycerol
What remains the same in lipids
The glycerol but the fatty acids can vary
What makes lipids fats (solids) or oils (liquids)
The different combinations of fatty acids
What are the uses of proteins
To build cells and tissues of your body it also basis to all enzymes
What chemical elements make up proteins
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen and nitogen
What are types of protein rich foods
- meat
- fish
- pulses(chickpea,peas,baked beans etc)
- cheese
What are proteins made up of (not elements)
Long chains of amino acids
How many different type of amino acids are there
Around 20 different types
How do we get different proteins
By different arrangements in the long chain of amino acid
Why are the long chains of amino acids (to make proteins) are folded,coiled and twisted
To make specific 3D shapes so other molecules can fit inside them
The bonds that hold the proteins in specific shapes are sensitive too what and what happens if these go over
The bonds that hold the protein in shape are sensitive to temperature and pH and if these go over the shape of the proteins is lost (as the bond would have been broken) and the protein becomes denatured
What are the functions of proteins
They acts as:
- structural components in tissues such as muscles
- hormones such as insulin
- antibodies that destroy pathogens
- enzymes which act as catalyst
What is a catalyst
A catalyst speeds up a reaction without being being used up
What controls chemical reaction in you body
Enzymes
What are enzymes
Biological catalysts
How many substrates (reactants) does the enzymes react with
Each enzymes interacts with one particular substrates (reactants)
What type of molecule are enzymes
Protein
Why is the enzyme’s shape vital to it’s function
As enzymes use active sites which have unique shapes so it can react with a substrate molecules
What is the theory called for how enzymes work
Lock and key
How does the lock and key theory work
The substate fits into the enzymes active site and the two bind together and the enzyme either binds the substrate or breaks it up. The substrate is then released from the surface of the enzyme
Do enzymes change reactions in any way
No they just make the reaction happen faster
What is metabolism
Metabolism is the sum of all the reaction in a cell or in the body
What controls the metabolism
enzymes
What relative temperature does chemical reaction take place in cells
Relativity low temperature
What happens to enzymes reaction as the temperature increases
Rate of reaction increases but this only true up to about 40ºc then the enzymes get denatured
What does denatured mean
When an enzyme gets denatured it means its bonds breaks and the active site no longer works
pH effect on Enzymes
Different enzymes work best in different pH’s so a change in pH effects them
Where do most you enzymes work
Inside cells
Where do digestive enzymes work
Outside your cell
What produces the digestive enzymes
Salivary glands and your pancreas
How does the enzymes come into contact with the food
The digestive tube has a large surface area and the broken down food further increases the surface area.
How do each area of the digestive system differ to allow enzymes to work as efficiently as possible
Each area has a different pH level such as:
- the mouth and small intestine(slightly alkaline)
- the stomach(which is acidic)
What are the enzymes that break dow carbohydrates called
Carbohydrases
What enzyme catalyses the breaking down of starch into sugars
Amylase
Where is amylase produced
In the mouth and the pancreas
What enzyme breaks down protein into amino acids
Protease
What enzyme breaks down fatty acids into glycerol
Lipase
