B5 Flashcards
What are communicable diseases
Diseases that are caused by a pathogen such as bacteria and viruses that can be passed to one person to another
What are Non-communicable diseases
Non-communicable diseases cannot be transmitted from one person to another
What factors effect health
Diet,stress and life situation
How do viruses living in cells cause worse problems
It may trigger changes leading too cancer
The immune system may not be working proper due to what
- Poor nutrition
- genetic makeup
- infection such as HIV/AIDS
What are the consequences of the immune system may not working properly
Your more likely to suffer from communicable diseases
What are pathogens
Pathogens can be bacteria,viruses,protists, or fungi and they infect animal and plants
How big are bacteria
Bacteria is a single celled organism so are very small
What are the uses of bacteria
It is used in:
- making food such as yogurt
- to treat sewage
- to make medicine
Why is bacteria important in the environment
They are decompser
Where do we have bacteria in our body
Yes we have it in our guts
How big a viruses and what shape do they take
Viruses are smaller than bacteria they usually have regular shapes
How does bacteria causes disease
Bacteria divide in two rapidly(binary fission) . They may produce toxins that may affect the body, it may affect your cells directly
How does viruses causes disease
Viruses cause disease as they take over cells, they live and reproduce in them which may result in the cells being damaged or destoyed
What are common disease symptoms
- high temp
- headaches
- rashes
What causes common disease symptoms
It is caused by the way the body responds to the cell damage and toxins produced by the pathogen
How are pathogens spread
- by air such as bacteria,viruses and fungal spores
- direct contact such as sexual contact, cuts,scratches
- by water such as fungal spores
What is the liquid/gel containing the nutrients for bacteria to grow called
Culture medium
What do microorganisms need to grow
They need warmth and oxygen
What does the culture medium contain
-carbohydrates as an energy source
- nitrogen so they can make protrin
-
What is a common culture medium and in it what is used in
Agar gel and it is used in a petri dish
Why does the cultures have to be uncontaminated
So we can see the effect of chemicals such as disinfectants and antibiotic
What is a risk of culturing a microorganisms
A mutation may occur( a change in DNA)
Why is the maximum temp that cultures being incubated is 25ºC
As id they culture it at 37ºC there a high risk of it growing some dangerous pathogens
What did Ignaz Semmelweis do
He noticed doctors went from dissecting bodies straight to delivering babies and that the woman who had babies delivered by the doctors was more likely to die. He then saw a doctor die with symptoms similar to child bed fever after he cut himself. He then made his pupils wash there hands and less mums died, there was a lot of resistance
Other discoveries that prevent infections
- Louis Pasteur developing vaccines
- Joseph Lister started to uses antiseptic chemicals
- microscopes made it easier to see and study pathogens
What are ways to prevent the spread of communicable diseases
- good hygiene
- isolating infected individuals
- destroying or controlling vector
- vaccination
What are the symptoms of measles
- fever
- red skin rash
How is measles spread
Through inhalation of droplets from coughs and sneezes
What are the first symptoms of HIV
Mild flu like illness
What does HIV attach
It attacks the immune cells
The HIV will develop into what
AIDs
How is HIV spread
- by direct sexual contacts
- breast milk
- sharing needles
What are examples of bacteria diseases
- salmonella food poisoning
- gonorrhoea
What are the symptoms of salmonella food poisoning
- fever
- vomiting
- abdominal cramps
What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea
-thick yellow/green discharge from vagina
What does your skin do too defend the body
- the skin acts as a barriers
- the skin produces antimicrobial secretion
- healthy skin is covered by a layer of microoganisms
Defences in the respiratory and digestive systems
- your nose is filled with hair and mucus to trap pathogens
- the trachea and bronchi secrete mucus that traps pathogens and is covered cilia that works like a brush
- the stomach produces acid that destroys microogranisms
What does the white blood cell do when it is injecting microorganisms
Some white blood cells ingest pathogens, digesting and destroying them so they cannot make ill
What does the white blood cell do when it is producing antibodies
Some white blood cells produce special called antibodies these target particular bacteria or viruses. You need a unique antibody for each pathogen.
What does the white blood cell do when it is producing antitoxins
Some white blood cell produce antitoxins. These counteract the toxin released by the pathogens
What does stunted growth mean
Nitrate deficiency
What does areas of decay or rotting or spots on leaves mean
Black spot fungas
What does malformed stems and leaves due too
Aphids or nematode
What does discolouration due too
Magnesium deficiency
Physical barrier in plants
- in cellulose cells walls that strengthens plant cells and helps resist invading microorganisms
- a waxy surface to block of pathogens
- bark on trees makes it hard for pathogens to penetrate
Chemical barrier in plants
-antibiotic chemicals
