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Biology > B5 > Flashcards

B5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are communicable diseases

A

Diseases that are caused by a pathogen such as bacteria and viruses that can be passed to one person to another

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2
Q

What are Non-communicable diseases

A

Non-communicable diseases cannot be transmitted from one person to another

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3
Q

What factors effect health

A

Diet,stress and life situation

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4
Q

How do viruses living in cells cause worse problems

A

It may trigger changes leading too cancer

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5
Q

The immune system may not be working proper due to what

A
  • Poor nutrition
  • genetic makeup
  • infection such as HIV/AIDS
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6
Q

What are the consequences of the immune system may not working properly

A

Your more likely to suffer from communicable diseases

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7
Q

What are pathogens

A

Pathogens can be bacteria,viruses,protists, or fungi and they infect animal and plants

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8
Q

How big are bacteria

A

Bacteria is a single celled organism so are very small

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9
Q

What are the uses of bacteria

A

It is used in:

  • making food such as yogurt
  • to treat sewage
  • to make medicine
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10
Q

Why is bacteria important in the environment

A

They are decompser

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11
Q

Where do we have bacteria in our body

A

Yes we have it in our guts

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12
Q

How big a viruses and what shape do they take

A

Viruses are smaller than bacteria they usually have regular shapes

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13
Q

How does bacteria causes disease

A

Bacteria divide in two rapidly(binary fission) . They may produce toxins that may affect the body, it may affect your cells directly

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14
Q

How does viruses causes disease

A

Viruses cause disease as they take over cells, they live and reproduce in them which may result in the cells being damaged or destoyed

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15
Q

What are common disease symptoms

A
  • high temp
  • headaches
  • rashes
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16
Q

What causes common disease symptoms

A

It is caused by the way the body responds to the cell damage and toxins produced by the pathogen

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17
Q

How are pathogens spread

A
  • by air such as bacteria,viruses and fungal spores
  • direct contact such as sexual contact, cuts,scratches
  • by water such as fungal spores
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18
Q

What is the liquid/gel containing the nutrients for bacteria to grow called

A

Culture medium

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19
Q

What do microorganisms need to grow

A

They need warmth and oxygen

20
Q

What does the culture medium contain

A

-carbohydrates as an energy source
- nitrogen so they can make protrin
-

21
Q

What is a common culture medium and in it what is used in

A

Agar gel and it is used in a petri dish

22
Q

Why does the cultures have to be uncontaminated

A

So we can see the effect of chemicals such as disinfectants and antibiotic

23
Q

What is a risk of culturing a microorganisms

A

A mutation may occur( a change in DNA)

24
Q

Why is the maximum temp that cultures being incubated is 25ºC

A

As id they culture it at 37ºC there a high risk of it growing some dangerous pathogens

25
Q

What did Ignaz Semmelweis do

A

He noticed doctors went from dissecting bodies straight to delivering babies and that the woman who had babies delivered by the doctors was more likely to die. He then saw a doctor die with symptoms similar to child bed fever after he cut himself. He then made his pupils wash there hands and less mums died, there was a lot of resistance

26
Q

Other discoveries that prevent infections

A
  • Louis Pasteur developing vaccines
  • Joseph Lister started to uses antiseptic chemicals
  • microscopes made it easier to see and study pathogens
27
Q

What are ways to prevent the spread of communicable diseases

A
  • good hygiene
  • isolating infected individuals
  • destroying or controlling vector
  • vaccination
28
Q

What are the symptoms of measles

A
  • fever

- red skin rash

29
Q

How is measles spread

A

Through inhalation of droplets from coughs and sneezes

30
Q

What are the first symptoms of HIV

A

Mild flu like illness

31
Q

What does HIV attach

A

It attacks the immune cells

32
Q

The HIV will develop into what

A

AIDs

33
Q

How is HIV spread

A
  • by direct sexual contacts
  • breast milk
  • sharing needles
34
Q

What are examples of bacteria diseases

A
  • salmonella food poisoning

- gonorrhoea

35
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella food poisoning

A
  • fever
  • vomiting
  • abdominal cramps
36
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

-thick yellow/green discharge from vagina

37
Q

What does your skin do too defend the body

A
  • the skin acts as a barriers
  • the skin produces antimicrobial secretion
  • healthy skin is covered by a layer of microoganisms
38
Q

Defences in the respiratory and digestive systems

A
  • your nose is filled with hair and mucus to trap pathogens
  • the trachea and bronchi secrete mucus that traps pathogens and is covered cilia that works like a brush
  • the stomach produces acid that destroys microogranisms
39
Q

What does the white blood cell do when it is injecting microorganisms

A

Some white blood cells ingest pathogens, digesting and destroying them so they cannot make ill

40
Q

What does the white blood cell do when it is producing antibodies

A

Some white blood cells produce special called antibodies these target particular bacteria or viruses. You need a unique antibody for each pathogen.

41
Q

What does the white blood cell do when it is producing antitoxins

A

Some white blood cell produce antitoxins. These counteract the toxin released by the pathogens

42
Q

What does stunted growth mean

A

Nitrate deficiency

43
Q

What does areas of decay or rotting or spots on leaves mean

A

Black spot fungas

44
Q

What does malformed stems and leaves due too

A

Aphids or nematode

45
Q

What does discolouration due too

A

Magnesium deficiency

46
Q

Physical barrier in plants

A
  • in cellulose cells walls that strengthens plant cells and helps resist invading microorganisms
  • a waxy surface to block of pathogens
  • bark on trees makes it hard for pathogens to penetrate
47
Q

Chemical barrier in plants

A

-antibiotic chemicals

Biology (9 decks)

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