B6

Question 1

Different way if treating and preventing disease

Answer 1

Disinfecting surfaces
Handwashing
Antiseptics-chemicals that kill pathogens on skin
Isolating infected individuals

Vaccines
Painkillers-reduce pain
Antivirals-drug used to viruses
Antibiotics- specific antibiotics are used to treat specific pathogens,antibiotics can kill bacteria but not viruses

Question 2

Vaccination

Answer 2

Involves injecting small amounts of dead or weakened pathogens into the body. This stimulates white blood cells to produce antibodies.

When a pathogen enters the body,the lymphocyte with the correct antibodies is selected.
The lymphocyte produces a lot of antibodies to neutralise the pathogen by binding to antigens
The selected lymphocyte remains a “memory cell” ready to release more antibodies if repeat infection occurs.

The antibodies upon secondary infection are produced much quickly,so pathogen can be destroyed and symptoms are not felt.

Question 3

Herd immunity

Answer 3

-following a vaccination, a person can become immune to specific disease
-this immunity gives the individual protection against the illness
-majority of population must be vaccinated against serious disease, which can reduce the chance of people coming into contact with specific pathogens,leading to herd immunity.

Question 4

Antibiotics and painkillers defenition

Answer 4

Antiobiotics are medicines that kill bacterial pathogens inside the body,without damaging body cells.
Painkillers only treat the symptoms of the disease rather than the cause.

Question 5

Antiobiotics

Answer 5

-can be taken as a pill,syrup or directly into bloodstream
-different antiobiotics are effective against different type of bacteria, so receiving correct one is important
- example is pencilin

Question 6

Concern about antiobiotics

Answer 6

Bacteria is becoming resistant to Antiobiotics
-mutations can occur during reproduction resulting in certain bacteria no longer being killed by antibiotics
-when these bacteria are exposed to antibiotics,only the non-resitant one die
-the resistant bacteria survive and reproduce,meaning population of bacteria increases.

Question 7

What is digitalis used for? Where does it come from?

Answer 7

One of several drugs extracted from foxgloves. It has been used since 18th century to strengthen heartbeat

Question 8

What is aspirin used for? Where does it come from?

Answer 8

It is a painkiller that come from a compound found in the bark of willow trees. The anti-inflammatory and pain relieving properties were first recorded in 400bc. Relieves pain and inflammation

Question 9

Pencilin

Answer 9

Fleming was growing bacteria on plates
He found mould on his culture plates,with clear rings around the mould indicating there was no longer bacteria there
He found that the mould was producing a substance called pencilin which killed bacteria

Question 10

A good medicine is…

Answer 10

Effective-must cure the disease or prevent the disease
Safe-the drug must to be too toxic or have unacceptable side affects
Stable-you must be able to use the medicine under normal conditions and store it for some time
Successfully taken into and removed from body

Question 11

Developing and testing new drugs

Answer 11

Clinical testing:
-it is first tested on healthy volunteers sith a low dose to ensure there are no harmful side affects
-the drugs are then tested on patients to find out most effective dosage
-to test efficiency patients are split into 2 groups Recieving the drug and other recieving placebo so the effect kf the new drug can be observed

Preclincial testing:
-using cells, tissues and live animals