Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

M&M Test 1 > B6-012 Early Development of the MSK System > Flashcards

B6-012 Early Development of the MSK System Flashcards

1
Q

what germ layers do skeletal muscles arise from? [2]

A

paraxial mesoderm
somatic lateral plate mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what germ layer does smooth muscle arise from? [3]

A

splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm
ectoderm
neural crest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what germ layer do teeth arise from?

A

neural crest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

arises from somitomeres and somites

A

skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

determine migratory paths of neural crest cells and spinal nerves

‘building blocks” for body plan

A

somites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the ventral region of the epithelialized somite forms the […] while the remainder forms the […]

A

sclerotome
dermamyotome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

sclerotome derivatives [3]

A

ribs
rib cartilage
vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

myotome derivatives [3]

A

back muscles
shoulder girdle
body wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

dermatome derivatives

A

connective tissue of dermis and back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

partial or complete loss of abdominal musculature

organs visible through abdominal wall

A

prune belly syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

causes of prune belly syndrome [2]

A

incomplete development of abdominal muscles lead to urinary abnormalities

abnormality in bladder and accumulation of urine leads to muscle wasting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

limb buds develop at the end of week

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the mesenchymal core of the limb buds form [2]

A

bone and connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the cuboidal ectoderm of the limb buds forms

A

apical ectodermal ridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the apical epidermal ridge forms the […] axis

A

proximal-distal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what factors proliferate near the AER to allow limb lengthening?

A

FGF4 and 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

as the limb grows, the cells closest to the body wall differentiate into […] and form […]

A

chrondrocytes
hyaline cartilage models

**provide template for bone formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

[…] signaling helps to pattern the proximal segment

A

retinoic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the AER expresses […] to maintain the undifferentiated cell zone

A

FGF4 and 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the […] zone moves distally over time as the limb lengthens

A

differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what helps to pattern segment identity of the limb?

A

Hox genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

types and shapes of the bones in limbs are regulated by

A

HOX genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

[…] and […] help pattern the segments in the proximal-distal axis

A

HOX genes and retinoic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

stylopod forms [2]

A

humerus, femur

**proximal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

zeugopod forms [4]

A

radius/ulna
tibia/fibula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

autopod forms [4]

A

carpals/metacarpals
tarsals/metatarsals

**distal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

digit formation occurs via […] in AER

A

programmed cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

shortened digits

A

brachydactyly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

fused soft tissue/bones of digits

A

syndactyly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

extra digits which lack proper muscle connections

A

polydactyly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

abnormal cleft between 2nd and 4th digits and 3rd digit absent.
Other digits are fused

A

cleft hand/foot

32
Q

regulated by zone of polarizing activity

A

anterior-posterior axis

33
Q

ZPA produces […] which leads to the expresion of […]

A

retinoic acid
SHH

34
Q

contributes to posterior specification of the posterior AP axis

A

SHH

**pinky

35
Q

signaling molecule for dorsal axis

A

WNT-7

36
Q

signaling molecule for ventral axis

A

engrailed

37
Q

what axis determines future limb muscle compartments prior to limb rotation events?

A

ventral-dorsal

38
Q

prior to limb rotation, extensors are

A

dorsal

39
Q

prior to limb rotation, flexors are

A

ventral

40
Q

skeletal muscle development is regulated by […] and […] in the somite

A

MyoD and MYF5

41
Q

once the skeletal muscles are differentiated they express

A

dystrophin

42
Q

in the 7th week, the upper limbs rotate 90 degrees […] and the lower limbs rotate 90 degrees […]

A

upper: laterally
lower: medially

**why thumb is lateral and great toe is medial

43
Q

3 major processes in limb vascular system development

A

vasculogenesis
angiogenesis
vascular remodeling

44
Q

what artery supplies the upper limb bud

A

subclavian

45
Q

what artery supplies the lower limb bud

A

external iliac gives rise to femoral

46
Q

absence or partial loss of pectoralis major

A

poland sequence

47
Q

may result for disruption of blood flow to embryonic tissues of chest wall and hand
affects subclavian artery formation

A

poland sequence

48
Q

complete absence of upper or lower limbs

A

amelia

49
Q

partial absence of limbs

A

meromelia

50
Q

long bones absent, but rudimentary hands/feet attached to trunk

A

phocomelia

51
Q

all limb segments present, but short

A

micromelia

52
Q

potential causes of limb defects [4]

A

proximal/distal axis disruption
teratogens
decreased/loss FGF signaling
genetic (altered HOX)

53
Q

anti-angiogenic and may affect vasularization of the limb buds

A

thalidomide

54
Q

[…] limbs are more susceptible to thalidomide induced defects

A

upper

**because they develop first

55
Q

scleraxis is the early marker for

A

tendons and ligaments

56
Q

cell death in the center of the mesenchyme creates future […] space

A

joint cavity

57
Q

“curving of joints” that causes inability to perform active extension and flexion

A

arthrogryposis

58
Q

teeth present at birth

A

natal teeth

59
Q

lack of any dystrophin means

A

Duchenne’s MD

60
Q

signaling molecules that establish the anterior/posterior axis

A

retinoic acid
SHH

61
Q

regulates growth and development in the proximo-distal axis

A

apical ectodermal ridge

62
Q

signaling molecules that establish the proximo-distal axis

A

FGF 4 and 8

63
Q

signaling molecule that regulates development of the dorso-ventral axis

A

wnt-7a (dorsal)
engrailed (ventral)

64
Q

tendon and ligament precursor

A

scleraxis

65
Q

the zone of polarizing activity is responsible for [2]

A

secretion of retinoic acid
anterior-posterior limb patterning

66
Q

establishment of the apical ectodermal ridge is crucial to […] patterning

A

proximal distal

67
Q

limb outgrowth is initiated by

A

FGF10 (proximal distal patterning)

68
Q

maintenance of the undifferentiated zone is sustained by

A

FGF4 and 8 (proximal distal patterning)

69
Q

results from retinoic acid induced SHH signaling emanating from the ZPA

A

anterior posterior axis

70
Q

[…] signaling leads to formation of the posterior elements

A

SHH

71
Q

engrailed secretion in the ventral ectoderm and Wnt7a signaling affect […] patterning

A

dorsal-ventral

72
Q

give rise to axial cartilage and bone

A

sclerotomes

73
Q

gives rise to the connective tissue of the dermis of the back

A

dermatome

74
Q

gives rise to the muscles of the back and body wall

A

myotome

75
Q

ventrolateral migratory cells contribute to muscles of [2]

A

body wall and limbs

M&M Test 1 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions