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Biology GCSE > B5 HEALTH AND DISEASE > Flashcards

B5 HEALTH AND DISEASE Flashcards

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1
Q

Physical health

A

being free from disease, active, fit, sleeping well and no substance abuse

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2
Q

mental health

A

feeling good about yourself and being free of conditions such as depression and anxiety

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3
Q

social health

A

having healthy relationships, loving and being loved

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4
Q

WHO

A

World health organisation - part of the UN responsible for monitoring global health

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5
Q

Disease

A

any problem with the body not caused by injury

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6
Q

communicable diseases

A

diseases caused by pathogens, can be passed on

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7
Q

non communicable diseases

A

diseases caused by genes or lifestyle. cannot be passed on

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8
Q

correlated diseases

A

getting one disease increases your chance of another due to diseases weakening organ systems, damaged immune system, weaker defences

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9
Q

genetic disorders

A

disease caused by inheriting faulty genes from your parents

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10
Q

malnutrition

A

diseases caused by poor diet

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11
Q

anaemia

A

lack of iron. causes fewer and smaller red blood cells and low energy

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12
Q

kwashiorkor

A

lack of protein. swollen belly, small muscles, stunted growth

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13
Q

rickets

A

lack of calcium or vitamin D Causes weak bones leading to blowed legs

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14
Q

scurvy

A

lack of vitamin C swollen bleeding gums, muscle and joint pain, lack of energy

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15
Q

ethanol

A

the drug found in all alcoholic drinks

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16
Q

drugs

A

chemicals that change the way your mind and body works

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17
Q

cirrhosis

A

a fatal liver disease caused by drinking too much alcohol over a long period of time

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18
Q

social problems of alcohol

A

missed work days, increased risk of diseases, risky sexual behaviour, increased violence

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19
Q

obesity

A

being overweight to the extent that your health is at risk

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20
Q

BMI

A

body mass index, 30= obese

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21
Q

BMI calculation

A

BMI = mass (kg) / height2 (M2)

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22
Q

Problems with BMI

A

someone with a lot of muscle could have high BMI without being obese

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23
Q

Waist ; hip ratio

A

the ratio of waist to hip width. Over 0.9 (women) or 1.0 (men) = obese

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24
Q

Calculating waist : hip ratio

A

Waist: hip ratio

= waist width/ hip width

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25
Q

Cardiovascular disease

A

Harmful substances in blood build up in the arteries around the heart. Blockages can form leading to heart attacks

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26
Q

Stents

A

Used to treat cardiovascular disease. A tube of metal mesh is fed into the narrowed artery and opened up holding the artery open

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27
Q

Treasuring heart disease with life style

A

More exercise and a better diet can treat cardiovascular disease. But this takes time

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28
Q

Pathogen

A

Microorganism that causes disease

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29
Q

Types of pathogens

A

Bacteria
Virus
Protist
Fungi

30
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Bacteria. Serious lung damage , bloody cough, fever

31
Q

Cholera

A

Bacteria

Sever life threatening diarrhoea

32
Q

Chalara ash dieback

A

Fungi. Kills the leaves of ash trees, killing the tree

33
Q

Malaria

A

Protist

Sickness , fever and weakness

34
Q

Haemorrhagic fever

A

Virus eg Ebola
Liver and kidney damage
Internal bleeding

35
Q

HIV

A

Human immunodeficiency virus attacks white blood cells, causing aids

36
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Weakened immune system making simple infections deadly. Caused by HIV

37
Q

Opportunistic

Pathogens

A

Pathogens that in us causing no harm but become dangerous when given the opportunity such as
Helicobateria pylori which cause stomach ulcers

38
Q

Airborne

A

Spreading through the the air such as colds and flu in infected droplets of saliva , and chalara ash dieback by fungal spores

39
Q

Water one

A

spreading through contaminated water such as chole

40
Q

Oral route

A

Eating food contaminated with a pathogen.

41
Q

Vectors

A

Animals that spread pathogens in their bites such as malaria that is spread by mosquitoes

42
Q

Blood fluids

A

Spreading through contact with infected body fluids such as blood or semen for explain HIV

43
Q

Chemical defences

A

Kill pathogens before they can infect us

44
Q

Lysozyme

A

Enzyme found in mucus tears and sweat that kills some bacteria

45
Q

Hydrochloric

A

Found in the stomach, kills most bacteria on food

46
Q

Physical barriers

A

Blood or trap pathogens so they can’t enter the body

47
Q

Mucus

A

Sticky substance in most boby openings that traps pathogens

48
Q

Ciliated cells

A

Have hairs that sweep mucus up and out of the body

49
Q

Skin as a physical barrier

A

Blocks pathogens from entering

50
Q

STIS

A

Sexually transmitted infections

Pathogens spread through sexual activity

51
Q

Preventing STIS

A

Use barrier contraception (such as condoms) to prevent mixing of fluids (semen, vaginal lubrication, blood).

52
Q

Screening for STIS

A

Large scale testing of people to check if they have an STI so they can be treated. This helps to reduce the spread of STIS

53
Q

Immune system

A

Destroys pathogens that manage to infect us

54
Q

Primary immune response

A

How the body responds the first time it meets a new pathogen

55
Q

Antigens

A

Chemical markers on the surface of pathogens (and other cells) that identify them as a pathogen
Antigens are unique to each pathogen

56
Q

Lymphocyte

A

White blood cells that produce antibodies. Each lymphocyte makes a different antibody

57
Q

Antibodies

A

Chemicals with a specific shape that can stick to the antigens on a pathogen and kill it

58
Q

Activated lymphocyte

A

When an antigen sticks to an antibody it activates the lymphocyte causing it to make many copies of itself that make the same antibodies

59
Q

Memory lymphocyte

A

Lymphocytes left over after an infection that retain the ability to fight the pathogen

60
Q

Immunity

A

When the body has the memory lymphocytes to fight a pathogen. So it can’t be harmed by it

61
Q

Vaccine

A

A weakened version of a pathogen that trains the body to fight it without causing disease

62
Q

How vaccines work

A

Vaccines are harmless versions of pathogen that still have the antibodies on them, so the immune response is triggered without any risk of disease

63
Q

Vaccine safety

A

Vaccines are safe preventing about 6 million deaths per year

64
Q

Antibiotics

A

Substance that kill bacteria without harming human cells

65
Q

Now antibiotics work

A 
They inhibit (stop) an enzyme that maintains bacterial cell walks 
This kills the bacteria
66
Q

Resistance

A

Widespread use of antibiotics has led to resistance meaning many antibiotics don’t work as well as they once did

67
Q

Drug development

A

Developing new medicines involves many stages that take of time and money

68
Q

Discovery phase

A

Developing new chemicals that might work as medicines

69
Q

Preclinical testing

A

Testing on cells grown in the lab or on animals to see if the chemical has any useful effect

70
Q

Small clinical trial

A

Testing a few healthy people to check for safety

71
Q

Large clinical trial

A

Testing on many patients to diviner how effective the drug is determine the dose

72
Q

Side effects

A

Unwanted effects of the medication, that can be quite harmful

Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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