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Biology GCSE > B2 CELLS AND CONTROL > Flashcards

B2 CELLS AND CONTROL Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cell cycle

A

The life of a cell comprising interphase and mitosis

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2
Q

What is interphase

A

Preparation for mitosis in which extra cell parts are made and DNA chromosomes are replicated

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3
Q

What is mitosis

A

When one cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.

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4
Q

What is PMATC

A 
Stages 
Interphase
Prophase 
Metaphase 
Anaphase 
Telophase
Cytokinesis
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5
Q

What is prophase

A

The membrane of the nucleus breaks down and spindle fibres start to form

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6
Q

What is metaphase

A

Spindle fibres fully form and chromosomes line up across the middle of the cell

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7
Q

What is anaphase

A

Chromosomes copies separate and move to each end of the cell

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8
Q

What is telophase

A

A new membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to for two nuclei

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9
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

The two new cells fully separate

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10
Q

What is cancer

A

When mitosis happens out of control forming large lumps of cells called Tumours

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11
Q

Growth

A

Increase in size due to increased numbers of cells

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12
Q

Percentile

A

A measure of the growth of a child that compares them to other children of the same age

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13
Q

90th percentile

A

A child is taller than 90% of children of the same age

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14
Q

50th percentile

A

Average for height/mass for the age

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15
Q

Percentile graphs

A

Graphs showing how height/mass change with age with different lines for each percentile

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16
Q

Cell differentiation

A

When a cell divides by mitosis to produce two different types of cell

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17
Q

Specialised cell

A

A cell special features designed for a specific job

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18
Q

Importance of differentiation in animals

A

To produce all the different types of cell the body needs such as red blood cells fat cells nerve cells and muscle cells

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19
Q

Plant growth

A

Cell division creates more cells elongation makes these cells get bigger

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20
Q

Meristems

A

Areas just behind the tips of roots and shoots where cell division and differentiation happens

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21
Q

Importance of differentiation in plants

A

To produce all the different types of cell a plant needs such as root hair cells and xylem cells

22
Q

Calculating percentage changes

A

% change = (final value - starting value ) / starting value x 100

23
Q

Stem cell

A

A cell that can differentiate when it divides, to produce two different cells

24
Q

Embryonic stem cell

A

A stem that can become any kind of cell

Found in developing embryos

25
Q

Adult stem cell

A

A stem cell that can only become w few types of cell

Found in animals after birth

26
Q

Stems cells in medicine

A

It’s is hoped they can be used to replace damaged cells in diseases like type 1 diabetes or leukaemia, or to grow new organs for transplant

27
Q

Problems with stem cells

A

They may potentially cause cancer stem cells can only be used in the person they have come from

28
Q

Nervous system

A

All the nerves in your body working together to gather information make decisions and control responses

29
Q

Central nervous system

A

The brain and spinal cord - makes decisions

30
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

All your other nerves gathers information from your sense and carries messages from the CNS to your muscles

31
Q

Neurone

A

A nerve cell

32
Q

Impulse

A

Electrical message carries by a neutron

33
Q

Cell body

A

The central part of a nerve cell containing its nucleus

34
Q

Dendron and axon

A

The long parts of a nerve cell carrying out impulses towards the cell body and away form it

35
Q

Myelin sheath

A

A fatty layer around the axon and dendron that insulates it to prevent the impulse from escaping and speeds the impulse up

36
Q

Neurotransmission

A

The travelling of an impulse along a neuron and into another

37
Q

dendrites

A

branches at the beginning of a dendron that connect to receptor cells or another neuron

38
Q

axon terminals

A

branches at the end of an axon that connect to a muscle or another neuron

39
Q

synapse

A

small gap between two neurons where the axon terminals of one meet the dendrites of another

40
Q

neurontransmitter

A

chemicals released by axon terminals that diffuse across the synapse to trigger a new impulse the dendrite of another neuron

41
Q

sensory neuron

A

nerve cell that carries impulses from sense organs to the CNS has a long dendron and a long axon

42
Q

relay neuron

A

nerve cell in the CNS that makes decisions. dendrites join onto cell body short axon

43
Q

motor neuron

A

nerve cell that carries impulses from the CNS to muscles dendrites join onto cell body long axon

44
Q

stimulus

A

a piece of information detected by the nervous system

45
Q

receptor

A

cells that detect a stimulus

46
Q

response

A

the action that the produces the response , often a muscle

47
Q

effector

A

the body part that produces the response , often a muscle

48
Q

voluntary movement

A

a stimulus is detected by a receptor , causing an impulse to be carried by a sensory neuron to the brain. replay neurons in the brain decide what to do and send another impulse down a motor neuron to the effector to cause a response

49
Q

reflexes

A

automatic responses that happen very quickly without conscious thought to keep the body safe

50
Q

reflex arc

A

movement is caused in the same way as for voluntary movement except the spinal cord makes the decision without needing the brain to think

Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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