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Biology GCSE > B3 GENETICS > Flashcards

B3 GENETICS Flashcards

1
Q

gametes

A

egg and sperm cell

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2
Q

fertilisation

A

sperm cell fuses with egg cell and nuclei combine

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3
Q

zygote

A

single cell formed by fertilisation

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4
Q

gene

A

length of DNA coding for a protein

controls your characteristics

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5
Q

genome

A

all the DNA and genes in an organism

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6
Q

protein

A

polymer made from amino acids

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7
Q

polymer

A

long molecule made by chaining together many shorter ones

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8
Q

diploid

A

a cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 in total)

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9
Q

haploid

A

a cell with 23 single chromosomes

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10
Q

meiosis

A

cell division that makes gametes

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11
Q

meiosis stages

A

DNA replicates cell divides into 2 diploid cells, these divide into 4 haploid daughters

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12
Q

why gametes are different

A

chromosomes in a pair are slightly different. Different gametes get different combinations of chromosomes

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13
Q

Chromosome

A

large DNA molecule made into a small package by tightly coiling DNA around a protein

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14
Q

DNA structure

A

two strands , double helix , complementary base pairs , sugar-phosphate backbone

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15
Q

DNA bases

A

adenine A thymine T

cystosine C guanine G

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16
Q

complementary base pairs

A

A pairs with T

C pairs with G

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17
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

weak force holding the two strands of DNA together

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18
Q

DNA analysis

A

issues small differences in DNA to determine family relationships or link people to crimes

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19
Q

Allele

A

different version of the same gene. we have two alleles of each gene

20
Q

homozygous

A

we have two copies of the same allele

21
Q

heterozygous

A

we have two different copies of an allele

22
Q

dominant allele

A

one copy needed for characteristics to show. written as a capital

23
Q

recessive allele

A

two copies for the characteristics to show. written as lowercase

24
Q

genotype

A

the combination of alleles in an organism

25
Q

phenotype

A

the characteristics produced by the alleles

26
Q

genetic diagram

A

shows the likelihood of offspring produced by parents with certain genotypes

27
Q

sex chromosomes

A

female: XX
male: XY

28
Q

inheriting sex

A

all eggs are, X 50% of sperm are X and 50% are Y so 50% of zygotes are XX and 50% are XY

29
Q

punnett squares

A

uses the genotypes of male and female gametes to predict the predict the genotyping of the offspring

30
Q

probability and punnett squares

A

punnett squares tell you the likelihood of certain offspring not what will actually happen

31
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

illness caused by a inheriting two copies of a faulty recessive allele

32
Q

family pedigree chart

A

chart showing how genotypes are inherited down through a family

33
Q

mutation

A

a change to the bases in a gene

34
Q

effects of mutation

A

change the structure of a protein and how it works . sometimes harmless, normally harmful, very rarely beneficial

35
Q

cause of mutations

A

mistakes copying DNA during cell division, DNA damage from chemicals or radiation

36
Q

inheriting mutations

A

only if they occur in gametes (egg and sperm)

37
Q

human genome project

A

project involving many scientists from many countries to find the order of bases in human DNA

38
Q

how is HGP useful

A

to tailor drugs to genes , to design better drugs

39
Q

genetic differences

A

HGP found 99% of DNA in all people is identical

40
Q

variation

A

natural differences between members of a species that affect the chance of survival

41
Q

genetic variation

A

variation caused by genes

42
Q

environmental variation

A

caused by interaction with the surroundings such as food, climate etc

43
Q

causes of most variation

A

a combination of genes and the environment

44
Q

acquired characteristics

A

changes caused by the environment during your lifetime, such as losing a leg

45
Q

continuous variation

A

can be anywhere within a range , such as height, following a normal distribution

46
Q

discontinuous variation

A

can be only one of a few possibilities such as blood type:A,B,AB,O

47
Q

normal distribution

A

bell heaped curve with more in the middle and fewer either side

Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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