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Biology GCSE > B4 EVOLUTION > Flashcards

B4 EVOLUTION Flashcards

1
Q

binomial naming

A

two-part names, first part= genus, second part = species.

written in italics

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2
Q

home sapiens

A

our species. evolved about 200,000 years ago. skull volume 1450cm3

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3
Q

ardipithecus ramidus

A

aka “ardi”. 4.4 million years ago, walked upright and climbed trees 350cm3 skull volume

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4
Q

australopithecus afarensis

A

aka Lucy 3.2 million years ago walked upright , skull volume 400cm3

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5
Q

homo habillis

A

2.4-1.4 million years ago walked upright skull volume 5-600cm3

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6
Q

8homo erectus

A

1.8 to 0.5 million years ago, walked upright skull volume 850cm3

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7
Q

fossil evidence

A

many fossils have been found showing a gradual transition from ‘ape-like’ to ‘human-like’

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8
Q

stone tool evidence

A

older stone tools are simpler requiring less intelligence to make, younger stone tools are more complex requiring more intelligence to make

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9
Q

the leakeys

A

mary and Louis discovered homo Habilis, their son Richard worked on homo Erectus

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10
Q

Charles Darwin

A

developed the theory of evolution

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11
Q

evolution

A

the way that species develop by gradual changes over many generations due to natural selection

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12
Q

variation

A

natural differences between members of a species that affect the chance survival

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13
Q

mutations and evolution

A

changes in DNA cause variation

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14
Q

environmental change

A

change to factors such as food supply , climate or predictors

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15
Q

competition

A

the fight to eat, survive and breed

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16
Q

natural selection

A

organisms with the best genes and characteristics are more likely to survive , breed and pass on their better genes

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17
Q

inheritance

A

gaining your genes from your parents

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18
Q

well adapted

A

an organism has features that make it better able to survive and breed

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19
Q

evolution and the individual

A

an individual does not evolve during its lifetime , populations of organisms evolve over many lifetimes

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20
Q

human evolution

A

humans did not evolve from chimpanzees, we both evolved from a common ancestor

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21
Q

resistance

A

the natural ability of some members of a species to survive poisons that would kill the other members

22
Q

evolution of resistance

A

evolution of organisms that stops them from being affected by poisons

23
Q

rats and warfarin resistance

A

warfarin is used to kill rats some rats were naturally resistant , survived the warfarin , bred and passed on their resistance genes

24
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

antibiotics are used to kill bacteria some bacteria were naturally resistance , survived the antibiotics , bred and passed on their resistance genes

25
Q

the problems of resistance

A

antibiotic resistance means that many infections that used to be simple to treat may become too resistant to treat may become too resistance to treat, causing major health problems

26
Q

carl linnaeus

A

developed the modern system of classification

27
Q

how to classify

A

based on similarities , group things into smaller and smaller groups with fewer and fewer similarities

28
Q

problems with classification

A

sometimes organisms that looks similar are not actually related

29
Q

kingdoms

A

old idea, classifying living things into five kingdoms (including plants, animals, and fungi)

30
Q

carl woese

A

developed the modern system of classification with three domains

31
Q

domains

A

modern idea of classifying living things into three main groups , bacteria, archae, eukarya

32
Q

bacteria

A

single celled organisms with no nucleus but unused sections of DNA

33
Q

archae

A

single celled organisms with no nucleus but with unused sections of DNA. includes plants, animals, fungi and protists

34
Q

eukarya

A

multi-cellular organisms with a nucleus and unused sections of DNA includes plants, animals, fungi and protists

35
Q

artificial selection

A

when humans (normally farmers) select the animals/plants to breed with the best characteristics

36
Q

selective breeding

A

developing new breeds of plants or animals with better characteristics by selective breeding over many generations

37
Q

selective breeding in practice

A

choose parens with the best characteristics , breed them together , choose from their offspring with the best characteristics, breed them together , repeat from many generations

38
Q

genetic engineering

A

changing the characteristics of organisms by giving them genes from another organism

39
Q

GMO

A

Genetically modified organism : an organism that has its genes changed

40
Q

bt corn

A

corn containing a gene from bacillus thuringiensis that makes it produce a substance called bt which kills insects

41
Q

medical GMOS

A

GM bacteria are used to make insulin (for diabetes) and some antibiotics

42
Q

pros and cons of GM

A

quicker then selective breeding and can introduce more different characteristics but is expensive

43
Q

over selection

A

farmers focussing too much on breeding for one characteristics (such as chicken breast size), don’t spot problems with other characteristics (such as weak leg bones) causing suffering

44
Q

gene leaking

A

the concern GMOS could breed with wild relatives, enabling the modified genes to escape into the wild. this could have ecological impacts

45
Q

resistance

A

the concern that in areas growing bt corn, insects simply evolve resistance to bt

46
Q

insulin

A

insulin made by GM bacteria is not identical to human insulin, and some people suffer bad reactions to it

47
Q

plasmid DNA

A

small loops of DNA containing a few genes

48
Q

restriction enzyme

A

enzymes that cut DNA, leaving sticky ends at each end of the piece of DNA

49
Q

sticky end

A

a short sequence of unpaired bases at the end of a piece of DNA

50
Q

ligase

A

an enzyme that joins two pieces of DNA by matching up that bases on their sticky ends

51
Q

recombinant DNA

A

DNA produced by combining together two or more pieces of DNA

52
Q

how to genetically engineer bacteria

A

cut out gene using restriction enzymes, remove plaids from bacteria and open with restriction enzymes, use ligase to join gene and plasmid together , return plasmas to bacteria

Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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