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biology gcse > B1 KEY CONCEPTS > Flashcards

B1 KEY CONCEPTS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is magnification

A

The number of times bigger something appears under a microscope

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2
Q

What is the eyepiece lens

A

The lens on a microscope that you look through

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3
Q

What is the objective lens

A

The lens at the bottom of a microscope. There are normally three you can choose from

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4
Q

What is total magnification

A

Eyepiece lens x objective lens

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5
Q

What is resolution

A

The smallest distance between two points did so that they can still be seen as two separate points

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6
Q

What are stains

A

Dyes added to microscopes slides to show the details more clearly.

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7
Q

What’s a milli

A

Thousandth, 1x10-3

a millimetre is a thousandth of a metre

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8
Q

What is a micro

A

Millionth, 1x10-6

A micrometre is a millionth of a metre

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9
Q

What is a nano

A

Billionth, 1x10-9

A nanometre is a billionth if a metre

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10
Q

What is a pico

A

Trillionth, 1x10-12

A picometre is a trillionth of a metre

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11
Q

Cell

A

The basics structural unit of all living things (the building blocks of life)

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12
Q

Parts of an animal cell

A 
Cell membrane 
Cytoplasm 
Nucleus 
Ribosomes 
Mitochondria 
Cell wall 
Permanent vacuole 
Chloroplasts
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13
Q

Parts of a plant cell

A 
Cell membrane 
Cytoplasm 
Nucleus 
Ribosomes 
Mitochondria 
Cell wall 
Permanent vacuole 
Chloroplasts
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14
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls what enters and leave the cell

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15
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A jelly like substance where chemical reactions take place

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16
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA and controls the cell

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17
Q

Ribosomes

A

Produces protein

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18
Q

Mitochondria

A

Releases energy by aerobic respiration

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19
Q

Cell wall

A

Protects and supports the cell

Made of cellulose

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20
Q

Permanent vacuole

A

Store sap and helps to support the cell

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21
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Where photosynthesis happens

Contains chlorophyll

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22
Q

Micrograph

A

A picture produced by a microscope

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23
Q

Light microscopes

A

A microscope that uses light can magnify up to 1500 times

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24
Q

Electron microscope

A

A microscope that uses electrons to produce an image can magnify up to 1000000 times

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25
Q

Actual size of cell

A

Actual size= measured size: magnification

26
Q

Convert mm to um

A

Micrometers (um) = millimetres (mm) x 1000

27
Q

Small intestine

A

Job- to absorb small food molecules produced during digestion

Adaptations - tiny folds called microvilli that increase their surface area

28
Q

Sperm cell

A

Job- fertilise an egg and deliver male DNA

Adaptations- a tail to swim mitochondria to give energy for swimming. An acrosome to break through the eggs jelly coat , haploid nucleus with only half the total DNA

29
Q

Egg cell

A

Job- to be fertilised by a sperm and then develop an embryo

Adaptations- jelly coat to protect the cell many mitochondria and nutrients to provide energy for growth haploid nucleus with only half the total DNA

30
Q

Ciliated epithelial cell

A

Job- to clear mucus out of your lungs

Adaptations- small hairs on the surface called cilia which wave to sweep mucus along

31
Q

Parts of a bacterial cell

A

All bacteria - cell memebrane, cell wall , cytoplasm , ribosomes , chromosomal DNA , plasmid DNA

Some bacteria - flagellum

32
Q

Chromosomal DNA

A

Large piece of DNA containing most genes

33
Q

Plasmid DNA

A

Small loops of DNA containing a few genes

34
Q

Flagellum

A

A tail used for movement

35
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Cells with a nucleus

36
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Cell without a nucleus

37
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking large food molecules down into ones small enough to absorbed by the small instestine

38
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up

39
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein that works as a catalyst to speed up the reactions in our cells

40
Q

Digestive enzymes

A

Enzymes that break large food molecules down into smaller ones

41
Q

Amylase

A

Where found- saliva
Small intestine

What it does- breaks down starch into simple sugars such as maltose

42
Q

Lipase

A

Where found - small intestine

What it does- breaks down proteins into amino acids

43
Q

Protease

A

Where found- stomach
Small intestine

What it does- breaks down proteins into amino acids

44
Q

Substrate

A

The chemicals that an enzyme works on

45
Q

Active site

A

An area of an enzyme with the same shape as the substrate

46
Q

Lock and key mechanism

A

The substrates moves into the active site and reacts to form the products
The products leave the active site do another substrate can then enter and so on

47
Q

Specificity

A

Each enzyme can only work on one substrate because the shape of the active site to match

48
Q

Denature

A

When the shape of the active site changes shape so the enzyme stops working

49
Q

Optimum temperature

A

The temperature when an enzyme works fastest

50
Q

Increasing the temperature

A

Increasing to optimum
Rate increases because particles move faster

Increasing past optimum
Rate decreases as enzyme denatures

51
Q

Optimum pH

A

The pH when enzyme works fastest (around pH 6-8 for most human enzyme)

52
Q

Changing pH

A

Rate decreases as you move away from the optimum because the enzyme denatures

53
Q

Increasing substrate concentration

A

As first rate increases but then it levels out as the enzyme is working as fast as possible

54
Q

Concentration

A

The number of particles In a given volume

55
Q

Concentration gradient

A

The difference in concentration between neighbouring areas

56
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of particles from high to low concentration

57
Q

Diffusion examples

A

Lungs- oxygen into blood carbon dioxide out of blood

Leaf-carbon dioxide into leaf oxygen out of leaf

58
Q

Partially permeable membrane

A

A membrane that allows some molecules but not others to pass through it

59
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from high water/low solute conc to low water/high solute conc

60
Q

Osmosis examples

A

Water into plant roots water in/out of any cells

61
Q

Active transport

A

Using energy to move substances from low to high concentration

62
Q

Active transport examples

A

Minerals being absorbed into plant roots

biology gcse (9 decks)

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