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ANATOMY SEM 3 > B5 - gait/lower limb 4 > Flashcards

B5 - gait/lower limb 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what type of joint is the hip joint?

A

ball and socket synovial joint

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2
Q

the hip joint consists of an articulation between what?

A

the acetabulum of pelvis and head of femur

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3
Q

what deepens the acetabulum (increases the size of the articular area of the acetabulum)?

A

the acetabular labrum (a fibrocartilagnious collar)

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4
Q

what are the acetabulum and head of femur covered in?

A

articular cartilage

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5
Q

where is the articular cartilage of the acetabulum and head of femur thicker?

A

at the places of weight bearing

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6
Q

what are the attachments of the capsule of the hip joint?

A
  • proximally: edge of acetabulum
  • distally : intertrochanteric line anteriorly and the femoral neck posteriorly
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7
Q
A
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8
Q

what do the ligaments of the hip act to do?

A

increase stability

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9
Q

what is the only intracapsular ligament of the hip joint?

A

the ligament of head of femur

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10
Q

where does the ligament of head of femur run?

A

from acetabular fossa to the fovea of femur

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11
Q

what does the ligament of head of femur enclose?

A

a branch of the obturator artery = artery to head of femur (a minor source of arterial supply to hip joint)

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12
Q

what are the 3 main extracapsular ligaments of the hip joint, continuous with the outer surface of the hip joint capsule?

A
  • iliofemoral ligament
  • pubofemoral
  • ischiofemoral
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13
Q

describe the iliofemoral ligament

A
  • arises from anterior inferior iliac spine and then bifurcates before inserting into the intertrochanteric line of the femur
  • has a ‘Y shaped” appearance
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14
Q

what does the iliofemoral ligament prevent?

A

hyperextension of the hip joint

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15
Q

what is the strongest of the 3 extracapsular hip ligaments?

A

iliofemoral ligament

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16
Q

describe the pubofemoral ligament

A
  • spans between the superior pubic rami and the intertrochanteric line of the femur
  • reinforces the capsule anteriorly and inferiorly
  • has a triangular shape
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17
Q

what does the pubofemoral ligament prevent?

A

excessive abduction and extension

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18
Q

describe the ischiofemoral ligament

A
  • spans between the body of the ischium and the greater trochanter of the femur
  • reinforces the capsule posteriorly
  • has a spiral orientation
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19
Q

what does the ischiofemoral ligament prevent and do?

A
  • prevents hyper extension
  • holds the femoral head in the acetabulum
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20
Q

the arterial supply to the hip joint?

A
  • mainly: medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries = branches of the profunda femoris artery
  • they anastomose at the base of the femoral neck to form a ring, from which smaller arteries arise to supply the hip joint itself
  • also artery of head of the femur = branch of obturator
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21
Q

what artery is responsible for the majority of the arterial supply to the hip joint and why?

A

medial circumflex femoral because the lateral circumflex femoral has to penetrate through the thick iliofemoral ligament

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22
Q

what can damage to the medial circumflex femoral artery result in?

A

avascular necrosis of the femoral head

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23
Q

what type of cartilage covers the articulating surfaces of the hip joint?

A

hyaline

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24
Q

the articular cartilage that covers the acetabular rim forms 3/4 of a circle. what is the name given to the area where the cartilage is missing?

A

acetabular notch

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25
Q

what is the main blood supply to the femoral head supplied by?

A

retinacular vessels of the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries

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26
Q

describe the transverse acetabular ligament

A

this is a continuation of the acetabular labrum and bridges the acetabular notch

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27
Q
A
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28
Q

what movements can occur at the hip joint?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • lateral rotation
  • medial rotation
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29
Q

The degree to which flexion at the hip can occur depends on whether the ____ is _____ – this ______ the hamstring muscles, and increases the range of flexion.

A

The degree to which flexion at the hip can occur depends on whether the knee is flexed – this relaxes the hamstring muscles, and increases the range of flexion.

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30
Q

Extension at the hip joint is limited by the joint capsule and the __________. These structures become _____ during extension to limit further movement.

A

Extension at the hip joint is limited by the joint capsule and the iliofemoral ligament. These structures become taut during extension to limit further movement.

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31
Q

what type of joint is the knee joint?

A

a hinge type synovial joint

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32
Q

what are the 2 articulations of the knee joint?

A

tibiofemoral and patellofemoral

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33
Q

what kind of cartilage covers the joint surfaces of the knee joint?

A

hyaline cartilage

knee joint is enclosed within a single joint cavity

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34
Q

describe the tibiofemoral articulation

A
  • medial and lateral condyles of the femur articulate with the tibial condyles
  • it is the weight-bearing component of the knee joint
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35
Q

describe the patellofemoral articulation

A
  • anterior aspect of the distal femur articulates with the patella
  • it allows the tendon of the quadriceps femoris (knee extensor) to be inserted directly over the knee — increasing the efficiency of the muscle
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36
Q

blood supply to knee joint?

A

through genicular anastomoses around the knee, which are supplied by the genicular branches of the femoral and popliteal arteries

37
Q

The nerve supply to the knee joint, according to Hilton’s law, is by the nerves which supply the muscles which cross the joint. These are the _____, _______ and ________ nerves.

A

femoral, tibial and common fibular nerves

38
Q

the medial and lateral menisci are fibrocartilage structures in the knee that serve what 2 functions?

A
  • to deepen the articular surface of the tibia, this increasing stability of the joint
  • to act as shock absorbers by increasing SA to further dissipate forces

> they separates the tibia and femur to decrease the contact area between the bones and serves as a shock absorber
they also reduces friction between the 2 bones

39
Q

describe the medial meniscus

A
  • attached to the intercondylar fossa of the tibia and is fixed to the tibial collateral ligament and joint capsule
40
Q

what does damage to the tibial collateral ligament usually result in?

A

a medial meniscal tear

41
Q

describe the lateral meniscus

A
  • smaller than medial meniscus
  • attaches to intercondylar area of tibia
  • fairly mobile
42
Q
A
43
Q

superior surface of tibia

A
44
Q

what is a bursa?

A
  • a synovial fluid filled sac found between moving structures in a joint
  • reduce wear and tear on the structures in the joint
  • also represent weak points
45
Q

what 4 bursae are found in the knee joint?

A
  • suprapatellar bursa
  • prepatellar bursa
  • infrapatellar bursa
  • semimembranosus bursa
46
Q

what separates the lateral meniscus from the lateral collateral ligament?

A

popliteal tendon

47
Q

describe the suprapatellar bursa

A

an extension of the synovial cavity of the knee, located between the quadriceps femoris and the femur

48
Q

describe the prepatellar bursa

A

found between the apex of the patella and the skin

49
Q

describe the infrapatellar bursa

A

split into deep and superficial

  • the deep bursa lies between the tibia and the patella ligament
  • the superficial lies between the patella ligament and the skin
50
Q

describe the semimembranosus bursa

A

located posteriorly in the knee joint, between the semimembranosus muscle and the medial head of the gastrocnemius

51
Q
A
52
Q

describe the patellar ligament

A

a continuation of the quadriceps femoris tendon distal to the patella.
attaches to the tibial tuberosity

53
Q

what 2 collateral knee ligaments are there?

A
  • tibial (medial) collateral ligament
  • fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
54
Q

describe the tibial (medial) collateral ligament

A
  • wide and flat
  • found on the medial side of the knee joint
  • proximally it attaches to the medial epicondyle of the femur
  • distally it attaches to the medial condyle of the tibia
55
Q

describe the fibular (lateral) collateral ligament

A
  • thinner and rounder than the tibial collateral
  • attaches proximally to the lateral epicondyle of the femur
  • attaches distally to a depression on the lateral surface of the fibular head
56
Q

what do the collateral ligaments of the knee do?

A

act to stabilise the hinge motion of the knee, preventing excessive medial or lateral movement

57
Q

what cruciate ligaments are there in the knee?

A
  • anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
  • posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
58
Q

what do the cruciate ligaments connect?

A

the femur and the tibia

59
Q

describe the ACL

A
  • attaches to the anterior intercondylar region of the tibia where it blends with the medial meniscus
  • it ascends posteriorly to attach to the femur in the intercondylar fossa
  • it prevents anterior dislocation of the tibia onto the femur
60
Q

describe the PCL

A
  • attaches to the psoterior intercondylar region of the tibia and ascends anteriorly to attach to the anteriormedial femoral condyle
  • it prevents posterior dislocation of the tibia onto the femur
61
Q
A
62
Q

what are the 4 main movements of the knee joint?

A
  • extension
  • flexion
  • lateral rotation
  • medial rotation
63
Q

what type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?

A

plane type synovial joint

64
Q

what is the articulation in the proximal tibiofibular joint?

A

between the head of the fibula and the lateral condyle of the tibia

65
Q

what are the articular surfaces of the proximal tibiofibular joint lined with?

A

hyaline cartilage

66
Q

the proximal tibiofibular joint is contained within a joint capsule. what additional support does the capsule receive?

A
  • anterior and posterior superior tibiofibular ligaments
  • lateral collateral ligament of the knee joint
  • biceps femoris — provides reinforcement as it inserts onto the fibular head
67
Q

what do the anterior and posterior superior tibiofibular ligaments span between?

A

the fibular head and the lateral tibial condyle

68
Q

describe the neurovascular supply of the proximal tibiofibular joint

A
  • arterial supply is via the inferior genicular arteries and the anterior tibial recurrent arteries
  • the joint is innervated by branches of the common fibular nerve and the nerve to the popliteus (a branch of the tibial nerve)
69
Q
A
70
Q

what kind of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?

A

fibrous joint (where the joint surfaces are bound by tough, fibrous tissue)

71
Q

what articulates in the distal tibiofibular joint?

A

the fibular notch of the distal tibia and the fibula

72
Q

what are the supporting structures of the distal tibiofibular joint?

A
  • interosseous membrnae
  • anterior and posterior inferior tibiofibular ligaments
  • inferior transverse tibiofibular ligament = a continuation of the posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament
73
Q

does the distal tibiofibular joint have a joint capsule?

A

NO, it is a fibrous joint

only synovial joints have a joint capsule

74
Q

neurovascular supply of the distal tibiofibular joint

A
  • arterial supply via branches of the fibular artery and the anterior and posterior tibial arteries
  • innervation derived from the deep peroneal and tibial nerves
75
Q

what type of joint is the ankle/talocrural joint?

A

synovial hinge joint

76
Q

what are the tibia and fibula bound together by?

A

strong tibiofibular ligaments

77
Q

the ankle/talocrural joint exists between the distal ends of the ____ and ____ and the upper part of the body of the _____. this ______ forms a hinge joint that allows ____ and _____

A
  • tibia and fibula
  • talus
  • mortice
  • dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
78
Q

what is the medial/deltoid ligament?

A
  • attached to the medial malleous
  • stronger than the lateral ligament
  • strengthens the capsule of the ankle joint medially
79
Q

what is the lateral ligament?

A

-originates from the lateral malleolus
- resists over-inversion of the foot
- made of 3 parts — anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, calcaneofibular
- strengthens the ankle joint capsule laterally

80
Q
A
81
Q

what kind of joint is the subtalar joint?

A

plane synovial

82
Q

what are the articulating surfaces of the subtalar joint?

A

inferior surface of body of talus with superior surface of calcaneus (posterior talar articular surface with posterior calcaneal articular facet)

83
Q

as is typical for a synovial joint, the surfaces of the subtalar joint are covered by ________

A

articular cartilage

84
Q

the capsule of the subtalar joint is supported by what?

A
  • posterior talocalcaneal ligament
  • medial talocalcaneal ligament
  • lateral talocalcaneal ligament
85
Q

what ligament acts to bind the talus and the calcaneus together?

A

interosseous talocalcaneal ligament

86
Q

the interosseous talcocalcaneal ligament leis within the _________ and is particularly strong, providing the majority of the ligament outs stability to the subtalar joint

A

sinus tarsi = a small cavity between the talus and calcaneus

87
Q

what movements does the subtalar joint allow?

A

eversion and inversion

88
Q

neurovascular supply of the subtalar joint

A
  • posterior tibial and fibular arteries
  • innervation to plantar aspect by medial or lateral plantar nerve
  • innervation to dorsal aspect by deep fibular nerve

ANATOMY SEM 3 (22 decks)

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