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ANATOMY SEM 3 > A1 - protection of the CNS 1 > Flashcards

A1 - protection of the CNS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what 3 things is the brain composed of?

A
  • cerebrum
  • cerebellum
  • brainstem
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2
Q

what does the brainstem consist of?

A

pons, medulla and midbrain

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3
Q

what are the hemispheres of the cerebrum separated by?

A

falx cerebri of the dura mater

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4
Q

what bones does the cerebrum extend from anteriorly and to posteriorly?

A

frontal bone anteriorly to the occipital bone posteriorly

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5
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum and what are their main functions?

A
  1. frontal — motor
  2. parietal — sensory
  3. temporal — hearing
  4. occipital — vision
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6
Q

what is a sulci?

A

groove or depression

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7
Q

what is a gyrus?

A

ridge or elevation

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8
Q

name 3 roles of the cerebellum

A

movement, balance, posture

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9
Q

what fossae does the cerebrum full within the skull?

A

anterior and middle cranial fossae

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10
Q

what layer is the cerebrum located above inferoposteriorly?

A

tentorium cerebelli

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11
Q

name the fissure in the occipital lobe

A

calcarine fissure

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12
Q

name A-I

A

A = occipital lobe
B = temporal lobe
C = frontal lobe
D = parietal lobe
E = central sulcus
F = lateral sulcus
G = precentral gyrus
H = postcentral gyrus
I = superior temporal gyrus

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13
Q

A vs B

A

A = commissural fibres — connect RHS to LHS of brain
B = projection fibres — connect the cortex with subcortical regions and spinal cord

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14
Q

what do association fibres do?

A

connect areas within the same hemisphere

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15
Q

identify the different regions of the brain A-G

A

A = midbrain
B = cerebellum
C = pons
D = medulla
E = thalamus
F = hypothalamus
G = pituitary stalk

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16
Q

what is the diencephalon?

A

thalamus + hypothalamus

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17
Q

what is the mencephalon?

A

midbrain

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18
Q

what does the hindbrain consist of?

A

pons, medulla and cerebellum

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19
Q

what is another word for the brain?

A

encephalon

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20
Q

where is the primary motor cortex?

A

precentral gyrus

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21
Q

where is the primary sensory cortex?

A

postcentral gyrus

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22
Q

what is the thalamus either side of?

A

the 3rd ventricle

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23
Q

where is the motor speech area (Broca’s)?

A

in frontal lobe above lateral fissure

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24
Q

where is the auditory association area (Wernicke’s)?

A

near back of temporal lobe

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25
Q

damage to Broca’s vs damage to Wernicke’s

A

broca’s — words dont come out
wernicke’s — words spoken perfectly but don’t make sense

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26
Q

what does the central sulcus do?

A

divides frontal from parietal lobe

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27
Q

what does the lateral sulcus do?

A

divides temporal from frontal and parietal

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28
Q

name 3 parts of basal ganglia

A

putamen, caudate nucleus and globus pallidus

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29
Q

what kind of fibres are in ventral rami?

A

sensory and motor

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30
Q

what is a dorsal root ganglion?

A

cell bodies of sensory neurones

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31
Q

what are the cerebral meninges?

A

the membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord

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32
Q

name the 3 layers of the meninges

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. pia mater
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33
Q

where is the CSF?

A

subarachnoid space

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34
Q

identify A-E

A

A = meningeal layer of dura mater
B = arachnoid mater
C = pia mater
D = subarachnoid space
E = arachnoid granulations

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35
Q

what are arachnoid granulations a site of?

A

a site of transfer of CSF into the dural venous sinuses

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36
Q

pia mater vs arachnoid mater in terms of brains concavities and convexities

A

pia follows all of brains concavities and convexities, arachnoid doesn’t

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37
Q

describe the dura mater

A
  • outermost layer
  • dense irregular connective tissue
  • located directly underneath the bones of the skull and vertebral column
  • thick, tough and inextensible
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38
Q

what are the 2 layers of dura mater?

A
  • periosteal layer — lines the under surface of bones in cranium
  • meningeal layer — located deep to the periosteal layer
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39
Q

what is between the 2 layers of the dura mater?

A

dural venous sinuses

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40
Q

what are dural venous sinuses responsible for? where do they empty?

A

responsible for venous drainage of the cranium and empt into the internal jugular vein

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41
Q

dura mater vascular supply

A
  • receives its own vascular supply
  • mainly from the middle meningeal artery and vein
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42
Q

what is the dura mater innervated by?

A

trigeminal nerve

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43
Q

name 3 major divisions of the brain

A
  1. forebrain — cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus
  2. midbrain
  3. hindbrain — pons, medulla, cerebellum
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44
Q

when does an extradural haematoma occur?

A

when a blood-filled space occurs between the dura mater and the skull

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45
Q

what forms 4 dural reflections?

A

meningeal layer of dura mater

46
Q

name the 4 dural reflections

A
  • falx cerebri
  • falx cerebelli
  • tentorium cerebelli
  • diaphragm sella
47
Q

what is the largest dural reflection?

A

falx cerebri

48
Q

name 2 functions of dural reflections

A
  1. compartmentalise the cranial cavity
  2. hold the brian in place and stop it rotating
49
Q

describe the falx cerebelli

A
  • separates the right and left cerebellar hemispheres
  • projects from the midline of the occipital bone
50
Q

describe the falx cerebri

A
  • separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres
  • blends with the tentorium cerebelli posteriorly
51
Q

describe the diaphragma sellae

A
  • a flat membrane — covers the pituitary stalk
  • covers the hypophysial fossa of the sphenoid bone
  • it contains a small opening for passage of the stalk of the pituitary gland
52
Q

describe tentorium cerebelli

A
  • separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
  • it is between the cerebellum and occipital lobes
  • encircles the midbrain
  • contains the tentorial notch = a space anteromedially for the passage of the midbrain
  • spans the transverse plane from the inner surface of the occipital bone
53
Q

which dural reflection houses the superior and inferior sagittal sinuses?

A

falx cerebri

54
Q

which dural reflection houses the anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses?

A

diaphragma sellae

55
Q

which dural reflection houses the occipital sinus?

A

falx cerebelli

56
Q

where are the lateral ventricles?

A
  • within each cerebral hemisphere
  • c-shaped structures
57
Q

where is the 4th ventricle?

A

between the brainstem and cerebellum

58
Q

via what do the lateral and 3rd ventricles communicate?

A

interventricular foramen

59
Q

via what do the 3rd and 4th ventricles communicate? what does it extend through?

A

cerebral aqueduct — extends through midbrain

60
Q

what is CSF produced by?

A

ependymal cells of the choroid plexus

61
Q

what are ventricles lined with?

A

ependymal cells

62
Q

identity A-F

A

A = lateral ventricle
B = cerebral aqueduct
C = 4th ventricle
D = interpeduncular cistern
E = quadgeminal (superior) cistern
F = cisterna manga (cerebellomedullary cistern)

63
Q

what cistern is at the base of the brain?

A

interpeduncular cistern

64
Q

what is the pontomedullary cistern?

A

subarachnoid cistern on the ventral aspect of the pons

65
Q

where is the cerebellomedullary cistern?

A

lies between the cerebellum and the dorsal surface of the medulla

66
Q

where does CSF flow into from the 4th ventricle?

A

cerebellomedullary cistern

67
Q

identify A-E

A

A = superior sagittal
B = inferior sagittal
C = straight
D = confluence of sinuses
E = transverse

68
Q

where does the transverse dural sinus drain?

A

drains into sigmoid —> internal jugular vein

69
Q

what fossa is the cavernous sinus in?

A

middle cranial fossa

70
Q

label the diagram

A
71
Q

what do the dural venous sinuses not have?

A

valves

72
Q

what is a continuation of the great cerebral vein and he inferior sagittal sinus?

A

straight sinus

73
Q

what sinuses are found in the falx cerebri of the dura mater and converge at the confluence of sinuses?

A

straight, superior and inferior sagittal sinuses

74
Q

label A-F

A

A = anterior cerebral
B = middle cerebral
C = posterior cerebral
D = internal carotid
E = vertebral
F = basilar

75
Q

what does the vertebral artery arise from?

A

subclavian artery

76
Q

draw the circle of willis

A
77
Q

what does the anterior communicating unite?

A

the right and left anterior cerebral arteries

78
Q

what does the posterior communicating unite?

A

internal carotid with the posterior cerebral arteries

79
Q

what are A, B and C supplied by?

A

A = middle cerebral artery
B = posterior cerebral artery
C = anterior cerebral artery

80
Q

what would the effects be of a lesion in the middle cerebral artery?

A

can have extensive detrimental effects — motor and sensory loss in upper limbs and face, speech and hearing problems

81
Q

what the effects be of a lesion in the posterior cerebral artery?

A

may affect vision

82
Q

what would the effects be of a lesion in the anterior cerebral artery?

A

may lead to motor and sensory loss of lower limb

83
Q

what are the 2 lines pointing to?

A

superior petrosal and inferior petrosal sinuses

84
Q

where is CSF and what is it produced by?

A
  • produced by the choroid plexus within the cerebral ventricles
  • in subarachnoid space
85
Q

what is the choroid plexus formed from?

A

formed by an invagination of the vascular pia mater into the ventricular lumen, where it becomes highly convoluted — sponge-like appearance

86
Q

how does CSF enter the ventricles?

A

enters 3rd and 4th through their roofs but enters the lateral ventricle through the choroid fissure

87
Q

what is the approx volume of CSF in the combined ventricular and subarachnoid spaces?

A

150ml

88
Q

how is CSF reabsorbed into the venous system?

A
  • by passing into the dural venous sinuses, mainly the superior sagittal sinus
  • absorbed through arachnoid granulations
89
Q

describe the circulation of CSF

A
  1. lateral ventricle
  2. interventricular foramen
  3. 3rd ventricle
  4. cerebral aqueduct
  5. 4th ventricle
  6. median aperture (of Magendie) and 2 lateral apertures (of Luschka)
  7. cisterna manga and cerebellopontine cisterns, respectively
  8. subarachnoid space of brain and spinal cord
  9. eventually reabsorbed into dural venous sinuses
90
Q

where is most of the CSF absorbed and why?

A

superior sagittal and transverse sinuses — have the highest number of arachnoid granulations

91
Q

describe the functions of the CSF

A
  1. shock absorber, by providing a fluid buffer and thus protecting the brain from injury
  2. provides neutral buoyancy — prevents the brain from compressing the blood vessels and cranial nerves against the internal surface of the bones of the skull
  3. removes by-products of metabolism and plays an important role in the homeostasis and metabolism of the CNS
92
Q

describe hydrocephalus

A

obstruction of flow of the CSF within the ventricular system or the subarachnoid space leading to a rise in fluid pressure causing swelling of the ventricles

93
Q

what is the blood brain barrier?

A
  • formed by layers of choroid plexus
  • a selectively permeable barrier
94
Q

what does the blood brain barrier consist of from superficial to deep?

A
  • choroid ependymal cells and their tight junctions
  • pia mater
  • endothelial cells of capillaries
  • basal membrane of endothelial capillary cells
95
Q

what is the function of BBB?

A

to control the movement of water and solutes into the CSF, as well as CSF into the neural tissue

96
Q

what dural reflection encircles the midbrain?

A

tentorium cerebelli

97
Q

what does the diaphragma sella cover?

A

covers the hypophysial fossa of the sphenoid bone

98
Q

the middle meningeal artery enters the middle cranial fossa via what? what does it divide into in the skull?

A
  • foramen spinosum
  • frontal and parietal branches
99
Q

Inside the cranium the middle meningeal arteries lies between the meningeal dura mater and the _________

A

periosteal dura mater

100
Q

The ________ branch of the middle meningeal artery is at risk following trauma to the lateral side of the head because it crosses the thinnest past of the skull where the frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones meet. The area is named the _________

A
  • frontal branch
  • pterion
101
Q

The middle meningeal artery arises in the __________ fossa, which vessel does it arise from?

A
  • infratemporal fossa
  • arises from maxillary artery
102
Q

The middle meningeal veins accompany the arteries. They exit the skull via the foramen spinosum and drain into the ________

A

pterygoid plexus

103
Q
A
104
Q

label the cisterns

A
105
Q
A
106
Q

label this cavernous sinus

A
107
Q

The cavernous sinus is in direct communication with the superior and inferior ____________ and with the ___________. This has important clinical implications

A

superior and inferior ophthalmic veins and with the pterygoid plexus

108
Q

the superior ophthalmic vein forms an anastomosis with the ______ vein. Therefore, the ophthalmic veins represent a potential route by which infection can spread from an __________ to an __________ site

A

facial vein

extracranial to intracranial site

109
Q

Through which foramen does the internal carotid artery enter the skull?

A

carotid canal

110
Q

The great cerebral vein (of Galen) unites with the inferior sagittal sinus to form which sinus?

A

straight sinus

111
Q

Which sinus does the superior cerebral vein drain into?

A

superior sagittal

ANATOMY SEM 3 (22 decks)

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