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ANATOMY SEM 3 > A9 - gait/lower limb 3 > Flashcards

A9 - gait/lower limb 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?

A
  • gluteus maximus
  • gluteus medius
  • gluteus minimus
  • tensor fascia lata
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2
Q

innervation of superficial gluteal muscles?

A

gluteus maximus = inferior gluteal nerve

gluteus medius/minimus and tensor fascia lata = superior gluteal nerve

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3
Q

origin and insertion of gluteus maximus

A

O : outer surface of ilium, sacrum, coccyx and sacrotuberous ligament

I : iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of femur

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4
Q

actions of gluteus maximus

A

extends and laterally rotates thigh

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5
Q

origin and insertion of gluteus medius

A

O : outer surface of ilium between the anterior and posterior gluteal lines

I : greater trochanter of femur

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6
Q

actions of gluteus medius

A

abducts and medially rotates thigh, tilts pelvis when walking to allow opposite limb to clear the ground

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7
Q

origin and insertion of gluteus minimus

A

O : ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines

I : great trochanter of femur

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8
Q

actions of gluteus minimus

A

abduction and medial rotation of thigh. stabilises the pelvis during locomotion

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9
Q

origin and insertion of tensor fascia latae

A

O : anterior iliac crest and ASIS

I : iliotibial tract, which itself attaches to the lateral condyle of the tibia

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10
Q

actions of tensor fascia latae

A

assists in flexion of hip and increases stability of knee when standing

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11
Q

what are the muscles in the deep gluteal region?

A
  • piriformis
  • obturator internus
  • the gemelli — superior and inferior
  • quadratus femoris
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12
Q

what is the most superior of the deep gluteal muscles?

A

piriformis

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13
Q

what nerve enters the deep gluteal region under the piriformis?

A

sciatic nerve

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14
Q

origin and insertion of piriformis

A

O : anterior surface of sacrum

I : greater trochanter of femur

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15
Q

what does piriformis leave the pelvis through?

A

greater sciatic foramen

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16
Q

innervation of piriformis

A

nerve to piriformis (S1-S2)

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17
Q

actions of piriformis

A

lateral rotation and abduction

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18
Q

origin and insertion of obturator internus

A

O : obturator membrane

I : greater trochanter of femur

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19
Q

what does obturator internus leave the pelvis through?

A

lesser sciatic foramen

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20
Q

actions of obturator internus

A

lateral rotation and abduction

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21
Q

what does nerve to obturator internus supply?

A

obturator internus + superior gemellus

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22
Q

origin and insertion of superior and inferior gemelli

A

superior O : ischial spine
inferior O : ischial tuberosity

both I : greater trochanter of femur

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23
Q

actions of the gemelli

A

lateral rotation and abduction

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24
Q

innervation of the gemelli

A

superior — nerve to obturator internus

inferior — nerve to quadratus femoris

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25
Q

what muscle is the most inferior of the deep gluteal muscles, located below the gemelli and obturator internus?

A

quadratus femoris

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26
Q

origin and insertion of quadratus femoris

A

O : ischial tuberosity

I : quadrate tuberosity on the intertrochanteric crest

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27
Q

action of quadratus femoris

A

lateral rotation

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28
Q

innervation of quadratus femoris

A

nerve to quadratus femoris

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29
Q
A
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30
Q

what innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

femoral nerve

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31
Q

what muscles are in the anterior thigh compartment?

A
  • sartorius
  • quadriceps femoris (consists of 4 individual muscles — 3 vastus muslces and rectus femoris)
  • pectineus
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32
Q

the end of what msucle also passes into the anterior compartment?

A

iliopsoas

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33
Q

what makes up iliopsoas?

A

psoas major + iliacus

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34
Q

origin and insertion of iliopsoas

A

O : psoas major from lumbar vertebrae and iliacus from iliac fossa of pelvis

I : lesser trochanter of femur

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35
Q

actions of iliopsoas

A

flexes the thigh at hip joint

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36
Q

innervation of iliopsoas

A

psoas major — anterior rami of L1-L3

iliacus — femoral nerve

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37
Q

where does quadriceps femoris insert?

A

quadriceps tendon

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38
Q

origin of vastus lateralis

A

greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera

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39
Q

origin of vastus intermedius

A

anterior and lateral surfaces of femoral shaft

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40
Q

origin of vastus medialis

A

intertrochanteric line and medial lip of the linea aspera

41
Q

actions of vastus muscles

A

extend knee and stabilise patella

42
Q

origin of rectus femoris

A

anterior inferior iliac sine and the area of the ilium immediately superior to the acetabulum

43
Q

actions of rectus femoris

A

extends the knee and flexes the hip — only muscle of the quadriceps to feels the hip as it crosses the hip joint since it arises from AIIS. the other muscles dont cross the hip therefore they cant act on it

44
Q

what is the longest muscle in the body?

A

sartorius

45
Q

origin and insertion of sartorius

A

O : ASIS

I : superior, medial surface of tibia

46
Q

actions of sartorius

A

at the hip joint, it flexes, abducts and laterally rotates

it is also a flexor at the knee

47
Q

origin and insertion of pectineus

A

O : pectineal line on the anterior surface of the pelvis (SUPERIOR PUBIC RAMUS)

I : pectineal line on posterior side of femur, just inferior to the lesser trochanter (PECTINEAL LINE OF FEMUR)

48
Q

actions of pectineus

A

adduction and flexion at hip joint

49
Q

innervation of pectineus

A

femoral nerve + may also receive branch of obturator nerve

50
Q
A
51
Q
A
52
Q

innervation of medial thigh compartment

A

obturator nerve

53
Q

muscles in medial thigh compartment

A
  • adductor magnus
  • adductor longus
  • adductor brevis
  • obturator externus
  • gracilis
54
Q

what is the largest muscle of the medial compartment?

A

adductor magnus

55
Q

what are the 2 components of adductor magnus?

A

adductor component and hamstring component

56
Q

origin and insertion of adductor magnus

A

O adductor part : inferior pubic rami and ischial rami
I adductor part : linea aspera of femur

O hamstring part : ischial tuberosity
I hamstring part : adductor tubercle and medial supracondylar line of femur

57
Q

actions of adductor magnus

A

adductor part — adduction and flexion of thigh

hamstring part — adduction and extension of thigh

58
Q

innervation of adductor magnus

A

adductor part — obturator nerve (L2-L4)

hamstring part — tibial component of sciatic nerve (L4-S3)

59
Q

origin and insertion of adductor longus

A

O : pubis bone of pelvis

I : linea aspera of femur

60
Q

actions of adductor longus

A

adduction of thigh

61
Q

origin and insertion of adductor brevis

A

O : body of pubis and inferior pubic rami

I : linea aspera on posterior surface of femur (proximal to the adductor longus attachment)

62
Q

actions of adductor brevis

A

adduction of thigh

63
Q

origin and insertion of obturator externus

A

O : membrane of the obturator foramen and adjacent bone

I : greater trochanter

64
Q

actions of obturator externus

A

adduction and lateral rotation of thigh

65
Q

what is the most superficial and medial muscle in the medial thigh compartment?

A

gracilis

66
Q

origin and insertion of gracilis

A

O : inferior rami of the pubis and body of pubis

I : medial surface of tibial shaft

67
Q

actions of gracilis

A

adduction of the thigh at the hip and flexion of the leg at the knee

68
Q
A
69
Q

what muscles are in the posterior thigh compartment?

A
  • biceps femoris
  • semitendinosus
  • semimembranosus
70
Q

what is the most lateral of the posterior thigh muscles?

A

biceps femoris

71
Q

the common tendon of the 2 heads of biceps femoris can be felt laterally where?

A

within the popliteal fossa

72
Q

what 2 heads does biceps femoris have?

A

long head and short head

73
Q

origin and insertion of biceps femoris

A

O : long head from ischial tuberosity, short head from linea aspera on posterior femur

I : together the heads form a tendon which inserts onto the head of the fibula

74
Q

innervation of biceps femoris

A

long head — tibial part of sciatic nerve

short head — common fibular part of sciatic nerve

75
Q

what muscle is on the medial aspect of the posterior thigh and superficial to the semimembranosus?

A

semitendinosus

76
Q

origin and insertion of semitendinosus

A

O : ischial tuberosity

I : medial surface of tibia

77
Q

innervation of semitendinosus and semimembranosus

A

tibial part of sciatic nerve

78
Q

origin and insertion of semimembranosus

A

O : ischial tuberosity (more superiorly than the origin of semitendinosus and biceps femoris)

I : medial condyle of tibia

79
Q
A
80
Q
A
81
Q

what muscles are collectively termed the hamstrings? where do they all originate? what else originates here?

A
  • semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris
  • ischial tuberosity (biceps femoris also has a short head that originates from the linear aspera and lateral supracondylar ride of femur)
  • adductor magnus of the medial compartment also has a hamstring part that originates here
82
Q

what are the hamstrings innervated by?

A

sciatic nerve

83
Q

actions of the hamstrings

A
  • extend the thigh and flex the knee
  • semimembranosus and semitendinosus medially rotate the knee
  • biceps femoris laterally rotates the knee
84
Q
A

A = vastus lateralis
B = rectus femoris
C = vastus medialis

  1. quadriceps tendon
  2. rectus femoris — arises from AIIS
  3. femoral nerve
85
Q
A
  1. sartorius
  2. adductor longus

C = pectineus
D = iliopsoas

86
Q

what forms the superior border of the femroal triangle?

A

inguinal ligament

87
Q
A

A = adductor brevis
B = gracilis
C = adductor magnus
D = obturator externus

adductor longus not shown

E - pectineus (cut) — usually considered to be in anterior compartment but may receive innervation from obturator nerve of the medial compartment

88
Q
A

A = semitendinosus and semimembranosus (not shown)
B = biceps femoris
C = medial head of gastrocnemius
D = lateral head of gastrocnemius

E = plantaris

from superficial to deep:
sciatic nerve, popliteal vein, popliteal artery

89
Q
A

A = vastus medialis
B = rectus femoris
C = vastus intermedius
D = vastus lateralis
E = sartorius

great saphenous

90
Q
A

A = adductor magnus
B = adductor longus
C = gracilis

D = semitendinosus
E = biceps femoris
F = semimembranosus

femoral

91
Q

muscle strain ambulation etc

A

read notes

92
Q

what is a trendelenburg gait?

A

caused by a unilateral weakness of the hip abductors, often due to a superior gluteal nerve damage. drop is on opposite side to nerve damage.

93
Q

what attaches to ASIS?

A

inguinal ligament, sartorius, tensor fascia latae

94
Q

adductor canal boundaries

A

anteromedial = satorius
lateral = vastus medialis
posterior = adductor longus and adductor magnus

95
Q

what runs through the adductor canal?

A

femoral artery, femoral vein and saphenous nerve

96
Q

what do the femoral artery and vein become after leaving the adductor canal?

A

popliteal artery and vein

97
Q

what innervates the muscles of the posterior leg?

A

tibial part of sciatic nerve

98
Q

what provides sensory innervation to the skin of the posterolateral leg, lateral foot and sole of the foot?

A

tibial part of sciatic nerve

99
Q

sensory functions: tibial nerve vs common fibular nerve

A

Tibial nerve – supplies the skin of the posterolateral leg, lateral foot and the sole of the foot

Common fibular nerve – supplies the skin of the lateral leg and the dorsum of the foot

ANATOMY SEM 3 (22 decks)

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