B4 - cerebellum and internal brain structure stuff not in case flashcards

Question 1

what does the superior surface of the cerebellum lie beneath?

Answer 1

dural tentorium cerebelli

Question 2

how are the folds on the cerebellum orientated?

Answer 2

transversely

Question 3

what divides the anterior lobe (small) from the posterior lobe (large)?

Answer 3

primary fissure

Question 4

the neocerebellum receives afferents from where and projects where?

Answer 4

• pons
• to VL nucleus of thalamus

Question 5

where does the STN lie?

Answer 5

in the diencephalon

Question 6

where is the substantia nigra?

Answer 6

mesencephalon

Question 7

what forms the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle?

Answer 7

caudate nucleus

Question 8

the caudate nucleus can be identified as the collection of grey matter on what?

Answer 8

the wall of the lateral ventricles

Question 9

the caudate nucleus is separated from the putamen by descending white matter fibres known as what?

Answer 9

internal capsule

Question 10

what forms the lateral aspect of the lentiform nucleus?

Answer 10

putamen

Question 11

Answer 11

Question 12

where do the putamen and caudate receive input from and project to?

Answer 12

• putamen — receives almost exclusive input from motor and somatosensory cortices and projects back to motor areas (thus related to motor loop)
• caudate — input from cortical association areas and projects to prefrontal areas

Question 13

what kind of input does the ventral striatum (including nucleus accumbens) receive?

Answer 13

limbic input and thus related to emotions

Question 14

The arterial supply to the basal ganglia comes mainly from the_______ artery,a continuation of the _______ artery.

Answer 14

• MCA
• ICA

Question 15

what provides ,post of the circulation to the striatum and lenticular nucleus?

Answer 15

lenticulostriate artery

Question 16

what branches of the internal carotid artery supply the more anterior aspect of the basal ganglia? (ie. head of caudate nucleus and the nucleus accumbens)

Answer 16

anterior cerebral artery and the anterior choroidal artery

Question 17

what artery supplies the head of caudate nucleus, anterior portion of lentiform nucelus (GP + putamen) and anterior limb of the internal capsule?

Answer 17

medial striate artery (of Heubner)

Question 18

what are more posterior structures of the basal ganglia and thus receive vasculature from branches of the posterior cerebral and posterior communicating arteries?

Answer 18

STN and substantia nigra

Question 19

venous drainage of basal ganglia?

Answer 19

via striate branches of the internal cerebral vein whcih drain into the great cerebral vein

Question 20

Answer 20

Question 21

Answer 21

Question 22

the curved, tapering tail of the caudate follows the curvature of the ______ into the _______ lobe

Answer 22

lateral ventricle into the temporal lobe

Question 23

what lies lateral to the internal capsule?

Answer 23

putamen and GP

Question 24

lesions of the basal ganglia produce effects on what side of the body?

Answer 24

contralateral

Question 25

what is the diencephalon made up of?

Answer 25

thalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus

Question 26

the thalamus contributes to the lateral wall of what and extends anteriorly into what?

Answer 26

- lateral wall of 3rd ventricle - anteriorly to the interventricular foramen

Question 27

the thalamus lies medial to what?

Answer 27

the posterior limb of the internal capsule

Question 28

what connects the thalamus to the other side?

Answer 28

massa intermedia

Question 29

what in the diencephalon contributes to the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle?

Answer 29

hypothalamus and thalamus

Question 30

what attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

Answer 30

pituitary stalk

Question 31

what are the functions of the hypothalamus?

Answer 31

endocrine control, temperature control, homeostasis, water balance

Question 32

what are the mammillary bodies?

Answer 32

2 rounded elevations that overlie the mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus

Question 33

what is the most posterior structure of the diencephalon, located rostral to the superior colliculus?

Answer 33

epithalamus

Question 34

what are the main components of the epithalamus?

Answer 34

habenular nucleus and pineal gland

Question 35

what does the pineal gland produce?

Answer 35

melatonin

Question 36

where is subthalamus?

Answer 36

inferior to the thalamus, dorsolateral to the hypothalamus and superior to the tegmentum of the midbrain

Question 37

what does the subthalamus contain and therefore do?

Answer 37

contains subthalamic nucleus which has connections with the globus pallidus + substantia nigra — therefore involved in the control of movement

Question 38

Answer 38

Question 39

diencephalon function?

Answer 39

Primary relay and processing center for sensory information and autonomic control: - via connections limbic system - seat of memory and emotion  - via connections with basal ganglia - motor coordination - via connections with primary sensory areas, such as auditory or visual

Question 40

what is the limbic system involved in?

Answer 40

memory, behaviour, emotion and olfaction

Question 41

what are the several important components in the limbic system?

Answer 41

- amygdala - hippocampus - thalamus - hypothalamus - basal ganglia - cingulate gyrus

Question 42

limbic system : afferent info is received from ________ and fibres leaving the limbic system project to the _______

Answer 42

- afferent info is received from the association cortex and fibres leaving the limbic system project to the hypothalamus

Question 43

describe the limbic lobe

Answer 43

= forms a border around the corpus callosum and rostral brain stem - consists of the parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus and subcallosal gyrus

Question 44

what does the hippocampal formation consist of?

Answer 44

- hippocampus - dentate gyrus - parahippocampal gyrus

Question 45

what does the hippocampal formation play a major part in?

Answer 45

memory, learning and spatial navigation

Question 46

where does the hippocampal formation receive input from?

Answer 46

entorhinal area of the parahippocampal gyrus

Question 47

where does the hippocampus lie along the floor of?

Answer 47

the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

Question 48

what does the dentate gyrus extend between?

Answer 48

hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus

Question 49

the hippocampus is c-shaped and is on the inferomedial aspect of the what?

Answer 49

temporal lobe

Question 50

what is the amygdaloid body involved in?

Answer 50

the formation and storage of memories; associated with the acquisition and expression of fear conditioning and is also involved in olfaction

Question 51

what does the amygdaloid body receive input from?

Answer 51

the association cortices, cingulate gyrus and olfactory bulb and from brainstem visceral pathways

Question 52

where is the amygdaloid body?

Answer 52

- at the anterior end of the tail of the caudate nucleus - lies in the temporal lobe near the uncus, overlying the anterior part of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

Question 53

Answer 53

Question 54

Answer 54

Question 55

what does the fornix connect and what can it be divided into?

Answer 55

- connects the posterior part of the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus - can be divided into the crus, body, commissure and the anterior columns

Question 56

what does the stria terminalis connect?

Answer 56

connects the amygdaloid body with the anterior hypothalamus and the septal nuclei

Question 57

what does the mammillothalamic tract connect?

Answer 57

connects the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus with the anterior nuclei of the thalamus

Question 58

Answer 58

Question 59

what is the papez circuit?

Answer 59

= a neural pathway leading from the hippocampus by way of the forniz to the mammillary body and thence returning to the hippocampus by way of, sequentially, the anterior thalamic nuclei, cingulate gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus

Question 60

fill in the gaps of the Papez circuit

Answer 60

Question 61

what are primary olfactory neuroens like?

Answer 61

bipolar

Question 62

primary olfactory neurons are bipolar whose receptors are dispersed where?

Answer 62

the olfactory mucosa on the superior nasal concha and upper part of the nasal septum

Question 63

what do the central processes of the primary olfactory neurons form?

Answer 63

the axons of the olfactory nerves

Question 64

where do olfactory nerves enter the skull?

Answer 64

through the cribiform plate

Question 65

olfactory nerves terminate in the _____ by synapsing on ______

Answer 65

- olfactory bulb - mitral cells

Question 66

what do the axons of mitral cells enter?

Answer 66

the olfactory tract

Question 67

what happens at the posterior end of the olfactory tract?

Answer 67

the fibres divide into 2 bundles; the medial and lateral stria

Question 68

what happens to the fibres that enter the medial stria?

Answer 68

pass in the anterior commissure to the contralateral olfactory bulb and septal area

Question 69

what happens to the fibres in the lateral stria?

Answer 69

- most fibres enter here - continue on to the primary olfactory cortex in the uncus and amygdaloid body

Question 70

where is the uncus?

Answer 70

on medial surface of temporal lobe in anterior part of parahippocampal gyrus

Question 71

Answer 71

Question 72

where are the habenular nuclei?

Answer 72

just anterior to the pineal gland