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GIR Test 2 > B5-061 AA Metabolism > Flashcards

B5-061 AA Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

calculate nitrogen intake from protein in diet

A

daily protein (g)/6.25

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2
Q

conditions that necessitate a positive nitrogen balance

3

A
  • pregnancy
  • body builder
  • a growing child
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3
Q

consuming the correct amount of protein should result in a

A

zero nitrogen balance

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4
Q

released from muscle due to protein breakdown

A

alanine

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5
Q
  • transports nitrogen
  • transfers carbons to the liver for GNG
A

alanine

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6
Q

the brain can use […] as an alternative to glucose

A

ketone

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7
Q

what lab values would be elevated as a result of ketone body metabolism due to a low calorie diet?

2

A

acetoacetate
B hydroxybutyrate

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8
Q

elevated BUN indicates increased […] catabolism

A

amino acid

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9
Q

9-4-4 rule of thumb for calculating calories from diet

A

9 fatty acid
4 carbohydrate
4 protein

calories/gram

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10
Q

proteins have [..] calories/gram

A

4

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11
Q

in fed states, excess AA are converted to

2

A

glucose
FA

stored in liver

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12
Q

where does the urea cycle occur?

A

liver

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13
Q

where does AA catabolism occur?

A

peripheral tissues

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14
Q

what vitamin acts as a coenzyme in transaminase reactions?

A

B6 (pyridoxal phosphate)

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15
Q

chemical reaction that transfers and amino group to a ketoacid to form new amino acids

A

transamination

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16
Q

transamination reactions

3

A
  • alanine -> pyruvate
  • aspartate -> oxaloacetate
  • glutamate -> a-ketogluterate
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17
Q

deamidation + transamination reaction

A

Asn -> Asp -> oxaloacetate

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18
Q

dehydratase reactions

2

A

serine -> pyruvate
cysteine -> pyruvate

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19
Q

a-ketogluterate
oxaloacetate
pyruvate

glucogenic or ketogenic?

A

glucogenic

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20
Q

anthing with Acetyl-CoA cannot be used to make

A

glucose

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21
Q

carbons that can be used to generate ketone bodies and fat, but not glucose

A

ketogenic

22
Q

the two inputs into the urea cycle

A

glutamate
aspartate

23
Q

how do we get glutamate for the urea cycle in the starved state?

A

a-ketoglutarate + alanine –> glutamate

transaminase reaction

24
Q

a ketoglutarate can be generated from

A

alanine via pyruvate

25
Q

how do we get aspartate for the urea cycle in a starved state?

A
26
Q

what AA can the liver make, even in a starved state?

3

A

alanine
aspartate
glutamate

27
Q

AA that is main focus in the liver during starvation

A

alanine

28
Q

AA that is main focus in the kidney during starvation

A

glutamine

29
Q

byproduct of glutamine to glucose production found in urine

A

ammonia

30
Q

tyrosine is not typically considered an essential amino acid, but is for patients with […]

A

phenylketouria

cannot make Tyr from Phe

31
Q

essential amino acids

PVT TIM HALL

A

Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan

Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine

Histadine
Arginine
Lysine
Leucine

PVT TIM HALL

32
Q

excess protein is

A

catabolized

33
Q

fat cannot be converted to

A

sugar

34
Q

excess fatty acids are stored as

A

fat

35
Q

there is […] of carbon from Acetyl CoA to PEP

A

no net flux

36
Q

any disruption in the urea cycle will cause

A

hyperammonia

reduced urea formation

37
Q

the urea cycle involves enzymes in the

where in the cell

A

cytosol and mitchondia

38
Q

BUN and urinary urea nitrogen indicate protein catabolism […] the urea cycle

before or after

A

after

39
Q

during starvation, do we expect an increase in BUN or Urinary Urea Nitrogen?

A

both

40
Q

nitrogen balance is a simple consideration of nitrogen […] vs nitrogen […]

A

in
out

41
Q

a negative nitrogen balance indicates a need to […] protein in the diet

A

increase

42
Q

if the nitrogen is removed from alanine the remaining carbon backbone is a

A

pyruvate

43
Q

AA made in the urea cycle but still considered essential in the diet

A

arginine

44
Q

someone with PKU lacks what enzyme?

A

phenylalanine hydroxylase

converts Phe to Tyr

45
Q

a primary site for amino acid catabolism in the well fed state is in the

A

liver

46
Q

a [….] amino acid can be catabolized into metabolites used to make lipids

A

ketogenic

47
Q

in the starved state, there are high levels of catabolism in the […] that lead to increased levels of […] in the blood

A

muscle
alanine

48
Q

transaminase use the […] form of vitamin B6 as a cofactor

A

pyridoxal phosphate

49
Q

after a transmaminase removes a nitrogen from an amino acid….

A

it remains bound to the enzyme until transferred to a different carbon skeleton

modified enzyme state

50
Q

urea is a product of cleaving the end of

A

arginine

51
Q

the two nitrogens of urea are derived from

A

aspartate and ammonia

52
Q

blood urea decreases in what disorders?

3 examples

A
  • liver failure
  • pregnancy
  • urea cycle disorders

GIR Test 2 (18 decks)

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