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GIR Test 2 > B5-013 CBCL: Obesity > Flashcards

B5-013 CBCL: Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

excess body weight compared to set standards

A

overweight

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2
Q

specific to having an abnormally high proportion of body fat

A

obesity

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3
Q

calculation of BMI

A

weight (kg)/height (m)^2

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4
Q

BMI of 30-34.9

what class of obesity

A

Class I

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5
Q

BMI of 35.0-39.9

what class of obesity

A

class II

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6
Q

BMI of 40+

what class of obesity

A

class III

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7
Q

fat stored in the […] is more harmful and associated with heart disease or diabetes

A

abdomen

apple shaped

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8
Q

fat under the skin that lines the entire body

A

subcutaneous fat

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9
Q

the fat in the abdomen below the intra-abdominal wall, most linked to metabolic and CV disease

A

omental/visceral fat

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10
Q

fat stored in the wrong places

A

ectopic fat

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11
Q

abnormal retention of lipids in a cell

A

steatosis

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12
Q

larger fat cells lead to increased

A

inflammation

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13
Q

gastric restrictive operations help people lose weight by

2

A

producing early satiety
decreasing appetite

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14
Q

in order for a gastric restrictive operation to be successful, the patient must also

A

restrict calorie intake

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15
Q

a reduction of […]% of initial body weight reduces the risk of diabetes in an at risk person

A

5-10%

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16
Q

inhibits gastric and pancreatic lipases

A

orlistat

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17
Q

which weight loss medication causes steatorrhea

A

orlistat

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18
Q

the rate of heritability of BMI ranges from

%

A

40-70%

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19
Q

less than […]% of individual variation in BMI and adiposity traits can be accounted for by over […] indentified loci

A

5%
300

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20
Q

insulin secretion in the fasting and fed states increases linearly with

A

BMI

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21
Q

main cell type found in human adipose tissue

A

white adipocytes

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22
Q

energy yielding TGs and cholesterol ester are stored in

A

intracellular lipid droplets

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23
Q

leptin, adiponectin, and adipokines are secreted by

A

white adipocytes

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24
Q

when are medications indicated to treat obesity?

A
  • after 6 months of diet/exercise fail
  • BMI greater than 30 OR
  • greater than 27 with 2 comorbid conditions
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25
Q

when is bariatric surgery indicated?

A
  • after 6 months of diet/exercise fail
  • patients with BMI > 40 OR
  • greater than 35 with 1 serious comorbid condition
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26
Q

elevated waist circumference increases the risk of

A

hyperlipidemia
hyperinsulinemia
atherogenesis

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27
Q

abdominal waist circumference

differentiate men and women

A

men >40
women > 35

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28
Q

waist circumference corresponds with […] fat

A

abdominal visceral

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29
Q

what type of fat is more metabollically active and releases FFA into the portal system?

A

visceral

30
Q

successful common behaviors among weight loss maintainers

2

A
  • frequent weighing
  • 60+ min of exercise a day
31
Q

AT browning can be achieved by

A

diet and exercise

32
Q

the “fat but fit” hypothesis can be attributed to an increase in…

A

AT browning

33
Q

brown adipocytes are differentiated primarily by the expression of

A

UCP1

34
Q

phenomenon of fat stored in the wrong places is called

A

ectopic fat deposition

35
Q

where is ectopic fat commonly distributed?

A
  • heart
  • liver
  • skeletal muscle
  • visceral adipose
36
Q

BMI calculation

A

weight (kg)/m2

37
Q

which surgical option provides the best chance of long term weight reduction with the least morbidity?

A

small pouch gastric bypass

38
Q

which intervention has been shown most likely to produce a weight loss of 4-7 kg over a 12 month period?

A

high intensity intervention visits

12-26/year

39
Q

orlistat is associated with a […]% reduction in body weight

A

3-4

40
Q

more important for maintenance of weight loss rather than active weight loss

A

exercise

41
Q

diet composition is generally less important than

A

total calories consumed

42
Q

current dietary recommendations include a balanced diet with a negative caloric balance of

A

500-1000 kcal/d

43
Q

what amount of weight loss/ week is optimal?

A

1-2 lbs per week

44
Q

weight loss is typically regained following the cessation of […] therapy

A

pharmacologic

45
Q

how many off the NCEP-ATP III criteria does a patient need to have to have metabolic syndrome?

A

3+

46
Q

what should be done to evaluate for DM and impaired glucose tolerance?

A

fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin

47
Q

least invasive and safest weight loss surgery

A

gastric banding

48
Q

why is gastric banding less commonly used in the US?

A

concerns about efficacy and high reoperation rates

49
Q

predictors of the risk of developing metabolic and CVD

3

A

body composition
fat distribution
adipose tissue function

50
Q

among equally overweight individuals, the amount of […] is predictive of increased risk of cardiometabolic disease

A

visceral fat

51
Q

most common cause of obesity

A

simple exogenous

52
Q

consuming more calories than are used, which are then stored as fat

A

exogenous obesity

53
Q

adipocyte hypertrophy is due to

A

increased triglyceride storage

54
Q

a moderate weight loss is likely to be associated with selective loss of

A

visceral fat

55
Q

the majority of patients with obesity exhibit an impaired expandability of

A

subcutaneous adipose tissue

56
Q

a sequence of pathogenic factors causing impaired adipose tissue function can be initiated by

A

impaired expandability of subcutaneous adipose tissue

57
Q

BMI does not take into account

A

body fat distribution
or distinguish lean mass from fat mass

58
Q

the association of obese patient with systolic heart failure or post percutaneous coronary intervention having a better prognosis is called

A

the obesity paradox

only exists as a function of BMI

59
Q

while visceral fat is positively associated with CVD risk, subcutaeous fat accumulation is

A

modestly/negatively related to cardiometabolic and mortality risk

60
Q

the obesity paradox does not exist when what indices are used over BMI?

2

A

waist circumference
waist hip ratio

indicates limitations of BMI as obesity index

61
Q

well-established independent predictor of CVD risk and total mortality

A

fitness

62
Q

having good fitness levels reduces mortality risk by

%

A

44%

63
Q

in the presence of metabolic abnomalities, there is an increased risk of CVD in

normal or obese individuals

A

both normal and obese individuals

64
Q

why is BMI problematic in predicting CVD risk?

A

does not account for central adiposity

65
Q

strong predictor of the insulin resistant obese phenotype

A

macrophage infiltration into omental adipose tissue

66
Q

could represent the mechanistic link between adipose tissue dysfunction and whole body insulin resistance

A

macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue

67
Q

UCP1 is a marker of

A

browning

68
Q

causes muscle cells to secrete a molecule than can induce a thermogenic gene program in cells

A

PGC1-a

69
Q

what is the most changeable aspect of adipocyte cellularity?

A

size

70
Q

weight loss from caloric restriction increases the […] and decreases […]

A

internal drive to eat
total daily energy expenditure

71
Q

dieting lowers resting metabolic rate, which causes an overall reduction in

A

caloric expenditure

upregulates drive to eat

72
Q

dieting upregulates the internal drive to eat, which can cause

A

regression

GIR Test 2 (18 decks)

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