B4 - Organising Animals And Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the blood and functions?

A

• Red blood cells - carry oxygen
• White blood cells - part of the bodies defence system, some make antibodies, and antitoxins, and some digest bacteria and viruses
• Platelets - small fragments of cells. Help blood clot as a wound.
• Plasma - transports all blood cells and some others around body

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2
Q

How are red blood cells adapted?

A

• increased SA:V ratio (biconcave discs)
• packed with haemoglobin that binds to oxygen
• no nucleus to make space for haemoglobin

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3
Q

How does the blood clot?

A

Enzymes help convert fibrinogen to fibrin, which produces a network of protein fibres that captures blood cells and forms a clot to stop excessive bleeding. Dries and gardens to form a scab. Stops bacteria entering body

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4
Q

What does the plasma carry? And where does it take them?

A

• Waste CO2 produces by the cells - lungs
• Urea formed in liver from break down of proteins - kidneys
• Small soluble products of digestion - from small intestine to cells

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5
Q

3 main types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, vessels, capillaries

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6
Q

What direction to arteries carry blood?

A

Away from heart and to organs. (Oxygenated)

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7
Q

What direction to vessels carry blood?

A

Away from organs to the heart (deoxygenated)

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8
Q

Capillaries allow…

A

The diffusion of substances such as oxygen and glucose into the cells, and substances such as CO2 to diffuse into blood.

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9
Q

D. Double circulatory system?

A

The circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs is separate from the circulation of blood from the heart to rest of body

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10
Q

Function of stents?

A

Keep narrowed or blocked arteries open

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11
Q

Function of statins?

A

Reduce cholesterol levels in blood, reducing risk of coronary heart disease.

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12
Q

What is a natural pacemaker?

A

A group of cells in the right atrium that form a natural pacemaker

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13
Q

Adaptions of alveoli?

A

• rich supply of capillaries which maintain a steep conc gradient in both directions
• very large surface area

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14
Q

Examples of plant organ systems?

A

Roots, stem and leaves form a organ system

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15
Q

D. Translocation?

A

The movement of dissolved sugars from leaves to the plant.

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16
Q

Why is transport in plants so important? (4)

A
  • all cells need glucose for respiration
  • minerals are needed for production of proteins -“and molecules within a cell
  • need water for photosynthesis
  • needs water to remain turgid
17
Q

D. Transpiration?

A

The loss of water vapour from the stomata

18
Q

Through what is water lost in plants? Why?

A

The stomata as they open to allow CO2 to enter

19
Q

What controls water loss and gas exchange in a plant?

A

The stomata and guard cels

20
Q

The size of the opening of the stomata is controlled by…..

A

Guard cells

21
Q

How does the transpiration stream work?

A

As water evaporates, more is pulled up through the xylem to replace it. It’s driven by evaporation.

22
Q

Factors that increase the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Humidity, CO2 conc, temperature, light intensity and air flow

23
Q

Transpiration is more rapid in what conditions?

A

Dry/wind/hot

24
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

(Right v.) takes for the Bates blood to the lungs.

25
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

(Left v.) takes oxygenated blood around the body.

26
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

Brings oxygenated blood from the lungs.

27
Q

What does the Vena cava do?

A

Brings deoxygenated blood into the heart.

28
Q

Adaptations of villi?

A
  • Increased surface area due to folding = max absorption
  • Single later of thin cells = small diffusion distance
  • Rich blood supply (capillaries) to distribute dissolved food molecules.
29
Q

Adaptations of alveoli? (4)

A
  • Walls are 1 cell thick = short diffusion distance/exchange surface very thin
  • Rich blood supply = take oxygen away and bring C02 which maintains max concentration gradient.
  • Folded = greater surface area for gas exchange
  • Ventilated = removed waste C02 and replenish oxygen levels. Maintain max conc gradient between alveoli and blood.