B2 - Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

Chromosomes are found in….

A

Pairs

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2
Q

D. Meiosis

A

2 stage process of cell division that reduces the chromosomes of daughter cells. It is involves in making gametes for sexual reproduction

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3
Q

How many chromosomes do you have?

A

46 - 23 pairs

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4
Q

Stages of the cell cycle:

A

1: longest. Grows bigger-increases mass, replicate DNA form 2 copies of each chromosome. Increase number of sub-cellular structures (eg. Mitochondria)
2: mitosis - each set of chromosomes are pulled to a different end of cell = nucleus divides.
3: cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form 2 identical daughter cells.

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5
Q

When do most types of animal cells differentiate?

A

At an early stage of development.

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6
Q

D. Differentiation.

A

The process where cells become specialised for a certain function.

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7
Q

D. Zygote?

A

When the egg and sperm fuse.

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8
Q

2 types do stem cells?

A

Embryonic and adult

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9
Q

Where are adult stem cells from?

A

Bone marrow

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10
Q

Uses of stem cells in humans?

A

• Treatment of paralysis and spinal injuries
• Treatment of diabetes
• Restoration of eyesight
• Bone damage and cartilage
• Heart damage after a heart attack

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11
Q

Uses of stem cells in plants?

A

• Clones of the mature plant can be grown very quickly and economically
• Large numbers of rare plants can be produced - save from extinction?
• Produce large quantities of cloned plants with disease resistance

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12
Q

Problems with embryonic stem cells?

A

• Most come from aborted embryos or spare embryos from fertility treatment
• As embryo cannot give permission it’s a violation of human rights
• Developments are slow, expensive and hard to control
• May cause cancer
• Trigger an immune response

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13
Q

How are scientists overcoming ethical issues with embryonic stem cells?

A

Taking them from the umbilical cord and amniotic fluid.

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14
Q

Advantages of embryonic stem cells? (4)

A
  • Wont be rejected by patient
  • Many cells can be produced
  • reduce waiting time for organ transplants
  • Cells and tissues of any type could be produced
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15
Q

D. Allele?

A

a version of a particular gene

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16
Q

D. Cytokinesis?

A

the dividing of the cell at the last stage of mitosis

17
Q

D. Chromosome?

A

a thread-like structure carrying genetic material

18
Q

D. Mitosis?

A

Asexual cell division where 2 identical cells are formed

19
Q

D. Chrimatids?

A

duplicate chromosomes produced during mitosis