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GCSE Biology Revision > B4 - Bioenergetics > Flashcards

B4 - Bioenergetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Rate of photosynthesis:
Investigating the effects of light intensity on the fate of photosynthesis of _____ (give 3 possible things)

A

Elodea
Pondweed
Aquatic organism

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2
Q

Rate of photosynthesis:
What type of solution is pondweed put inside in the practical

A

Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution

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3
Q

Rate of photosynthesis:
What do you use to measure distance from light source?

A

Metre ruler
NOT METRE STICK

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4
Q

Rate of photosynthesis:
How do you calculate rate of reaction?

A

Amount of product formed/time
OR
Or reactant
OR change in

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5
Q

Rate of photosynthesis:
Why do you leave the pondweed source at a distance for a specific period of time - say 2 mins

A

To record the number of bubbles given off, and allow adjustment

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6
Q

Rate of photosynthesis:
Give 6 control variables for investigation

A

Temperature
CO2 concentration
Type of plant
Time at each light intensity
Same solution for plant (of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution)
Type and source of light

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7
Q

Rate of photosynthesis:
What is volume of oxygen used

A

Volume of bubbles
Radius of 1 (estimate ) - could be 5 mm
Do 4/3 pi r cubed

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8
Q

Rate of photosynthesis:
What is the general unit for volume of bubbles

A

cm cubed

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9
Q

Rate of photosynthesis:
How do you control for amount of chlorophyll

A

Same length and species of pondweed

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10
Q

Rate of photosynthesis:
How do you control for CO2 concentration

A

Keep same concentration and volume of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution

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11
Q

Rate of photosynthesis:
How do you control for temperature

A

Use an LED lamp (as doesnt heat up) or a heat screen

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12
Q

Rate of photosynthesis:
Always say volume not…

A

Amount

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13
Q

Rate of photosynthesis:
How do you increase light intensity?

A

Decrease distance between the pondweed and light source

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14
Q

Rate of photosynthesis:
ARtery takes blood AWay
Atrium is ABove

How helpful is that?

A

Very helpful

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15
Q

Rate of photosynthesis:
How do you improve photosynthesis required practical?

A

Use a measuring cylinder and glass funnel over pondweed
Bubbles redirected into measuring cylinder
Displacement of water measured to find volume of oxygen released

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16
Q

Rate of photosynthesis:
How do you calculate light intensity exactly

A

1 / distance squared = inverse square law

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17
Q

Rate of photosynthesis:
Why is a glass funnel used in the more accurate investigation

A

To redirect bubbles into measuring cylinder without stopping the light

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18
Q

Rate of photosynthesis:
Why is an inverted measuring cylinder used in the more accurate investigation?

A

Measures volume of water displaced - signifying the volume of oxygen released

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19
Q

Uses of glucose in plants
Give 5 uses

A

Respiration
Converted to insoluble starch for storage
Converted to fats or lipids
Converted to cellulose to make cell walls
Used to make amino acids for protein synthesis

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20
Q

Uses of glucose in plants
Glucose is ___ to release energy for ____ processes

A

Oxidised
Living

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21
Q

Uses of glucose in plants
Give an example of a use of energy from respiration in plants

A

Growth - building proteins

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22
Q

Uses of glucose in plants
Why is some glucose stored as INSOLUBLE STARCH for storage

A

Wont diffuse or affect water potential (the likelihood of water molecules to diffuse)

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23
Q

Uses of glucose in plants
Give 4 places starch is stored in

A

Roots, stems, seeds, leaves

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24
Q

Uses of glucose in plants
Starch is ____ glucose is not

A

Insoluble

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25
Q

Uses of glucose in plants
Starch is a ____ of glucose

A

Polymer

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26
Q

Uses of glucose in plants
True or false: once you have made starch from glucose you cannot make glucose again

A

False - the plant converts it back when rate of photosynthesis decreases - at night or in winter

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27
Q

Uses of glucose in plants
Where are the lipids which glucose can be converted to stored?

A

In seeds

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28
Q

Uses of glucose in plants
Lipids have really ____ energy stores

A

High

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29
Q

Uses of glucose in plants
Cellulose is a long chain of ___ bonded together

A

Glucose molecules

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30
Q

Uses of glucose in plants
Why is it important to have cell walls made of cellulose?

A

Keeps it turgid
By preventing vacuole bursting
Keeping structure strong
Keeps upward growth

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31
Q

Uses of glucose in plants
Nitrate ions from the soil (NH2) are used with ___ to make amino acids

A

Glucose

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32
Q

Uses of glucose in plants
A nitrate ion deficiency means a plant won’t ___ properly

A

Grow

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33
Q

Uses of glucose in plants
Nitrate ions are absorbed by ____ in the roots

A

Root hair cells

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34
Q

what is metabolism

A

the sum of every reaction in your body - always enzyme controlled

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35
Q

what is metabolic rate

A

the rate of all chemical reactions in the body

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36
Q

reactions in your body are almost always controlled by what

A

enzymes

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37
Q

give 2 key metabolic processes

A

building larger molecules
breaking down molecules

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38
Q

give an example of building larger molecules in a plant

A

carbohydrate production (in the form of starch and cellulose) from glucose

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39
Q

give 2 forms of carbohydrate in plants

A

starch and cellulose

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40
Q

give an example of building a larger molecule in animals

A

glycogen production from glucose

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41
Q

1 lipid is made from what

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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42
Q

how many fatty acids for one lipid

A

3

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43
Q

how many glycerol for one lipid

A

1

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44
Q

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids make what

A

1 lipid

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45
Q

lipids are ____

A

esters

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46
Q

proteins are made of what

A

amino acids

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47
Q

amino acids are made from what

A

glucose + nitrate ions

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48
Q

glucose + nitrate ions = what

A

amino acid

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49
Q

where are excess amino acids broken down

A

in the liver

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50
Q

give 2 examples of breaking down molecules in the body

A

glucose broken down to release energy in respiration
excess protein broken down into urea and then excreted in urine

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51
Q

does respiration = breathing?

A

nope

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52
Q

what is respiration

A

a chemical reaction which releases energy from glucose

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53
Q

what is the word equation for aerobic respiration

A

oxygen + glucose -> CO2 + water

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54
Q

respiration is an ___reaction and it is exo/endo thermic

A

oxidation
exothermic

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55
Q

where does aerobic respiration take place

A

mitochondria

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56
Q

give 4 ways we use energy from respiration

A

keeping warm
muscle contraction
cell division
Building larger molecules (eg protein synthesis)

57
Q

what is breathing/ventilation

A

mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs for gas exchange

58
Q

which produces more energy aerobic or anaerobic respiration

A

aerobic

59
Q

why does anaerobic respiration happen

A

incomplete oxidation of glucose due to lack of oxygen (during intense exercise)

60
Q

what is the equation for anaerobic respiration

A

glucose -> lactic acid + energy

61
Q

give 2 symptoms of lactic acid build up

A

muscle fatigue
muscles stop contracting efficiently = cramp

62
Q

how do you get rid of lactic acid

A

react with oxygen
(or transport to liver to be converted to glucose)

63
Q

what is the equation for oxidation of lactic acid

A

lactic acid + oxygen -> CO2 + water

64
Q

what is it called when after exercise you keep breathing heavily and your heart rate stays high

A

oxygen debt

65
Q

why does your breathing stay elevated after exercise

A

to break down lactic acid

66
Q

give one way lactic acid can be got rid of without using oxygen

A

can be transported to the liver to be converted to glucose

67
Q

where does anaerobic respiration take place in the cell

A

the cytoplasm

68
Q

give 2 reasons anaerobic respiration isn’t a long term solution to your energy needs

A

less energy released
produces lactic acid

69
Q

what is the word for anaerobic respiration in plants/yeast

A

fermentation

70
Q

what is the equation for fermentation

A

glucose ->ethanol + CO2 (with yeast over arrow as catalyst)

71
Q

how to remember the products of fermentation

A

bubbly beer (alcohol + CO2)

72
Q

why is fermentation used to make beer

A

it creates alcohol (ethanol) and bubbles (CO2)

73
Q

what makes bread rise

A

production of CO2 from fermentation

74
Q

give 3 uses of fermentation

A

bread
wine
beer

75
Q

how do you make wine

A

yeast + grapes

76
Q

what are grapes for in making wine

A

store of glucose to fuel fermentation

77
Q

in a blood pressure graph one ___is a heart beat

A

wave (peak to peak)

78
Q

describe what happens during exercise 6 marks

A

more energy for muscle contraction needed as contractions need to happen more frequently and with more force
heart rate increases to supply more oxygen and glucose to muscles to respire
breathing rate increases to supply more oxygen to the blood
leading to an increased rate of respiration in muscles

79
Q

give 2 things lymphocytes produce

A

antibodies and antitoxins

80
Q

what is the investigation of the photosynthesis required practical

A

investigate the effect of light intensity on rate of photosynthesis of pondweed(or other aquatic organism)

81
Q

what is the general unit for the volume of bubbles

A

cm cubed

82
Q

always say ___not amount in the exam

A

volume

83
Q

how do you control for the amount of chlorophyll in the experiment on photosynthesis

A

keep length and species of pondweed the same

84
Q

how do you control for CO2 conc in the photosynthesis experiment

A

same concentration and volume of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution

85
Q

what type of solution should the pondweed be suspended in

A

sodium hydrogen carbonate solution

86
Q

how do you control for temperature in photosynthesis experiment

A

use and LED lamp or heat screen

87
Q

you should use a -___lamp or ____ inn the pondweed experiment to control for ___

A

LED
heat screen
temperature

88
Q

what is the independent variable in the pondweed experiment

A

light intensity

89
Q

how do you increase light intensity in the pondweed experiment

A

decrease distance between pondweed and light source

90
Q

what is the law for light intensity called

A

inverse square law

91
Q

what is the equation for light intensity in terms of distance between light and pondweed

A

1/ d squared

92
Q

always mention both the __and __when talking about the distance between them pondweed practical

A

light source
pondweed

93
Q

what is the setup of the photosynthesis experiment

A

use sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and pondweed in a clear glass test tube and a light source (LED white) with a metre RULER to measure the distance between them

94
Q

describe the method for the pondweed practical

A

move the light 10, 20 etc up to 1m away from the pondweed using a metre ruler
leave for 2 minutes at a particular distance and record at the end
record the number of bubbles released from the pondweed at each distance
do 3 repeats of this so far
calculate a mean of bubbles released (then calc oxygen volume and rate of reaction etc)

95
Q

how do you calculate volume of oxygen released in pondweed practical

A

volume of 1 bubble x number of bubbles
estimate the radius of one bubble to work this out and use 4/3 pi r cubed

96
Q

what is the rate of reaction in pondweed practical

A

amount of product formed over time

97
Q

what is the independent variable in the pondweed practical

A

distance from light source

98
Q

what is the dependent variable in the pondweed practical

A

number of bubbles produced - NOT RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

99
Q

give 3 control variables (blanket categories) for the pondweed practical

A

temp
co2 conc
amount of chlorophyll
time at each light intensity

100
Q

how would you improve the pondweed practical to make it more accurate

A

use a measuring cylinder upturned over a funnel filled with water up to a point (leave lots of room for water displacement)

101
Q

how is the volume of oxygen released measured in the improved version of the pondweed practical

A

bubbles are redirected to the measuring cylinder and displacement of water is measured to find volume of oxygen released

102
Q

why is the glass funnel used in the improved photosynthesis practical

A

to redirect bubbles into the measuring cylinder

103
Q

what is the inverted measuring cylinder used for in the pondweed practical improved

A

measure the volume of water displaced and this will be same as oxygen released

104
Q

give 5 uses of glucose in plants

A

respiration
starch storage
lipids storage
cellulose
protein synthesis

105
Q

give one use of the energy of respiration in plants

A

growth

106
Q

why is glucose made into starch

A

it is insoluble
and so can be stored

107
Q

as starch is insoluble it doesn’t affect ____or ____into other places

A

water potential
diffuse

108
Q

starch is a ___of glucose

A

polymer

109
Q

give 4 places starch is stored in a plant

A

leaf
stem
roots
seeds

110
Q

give one place starch is not stored in a plant

A

petals

111
Q

why is glucose turned to starch for storage

A

so it can be turned back into glucose when rate of photosynthesis decreases in winter or at night

112
Q

give 2 times a plant might draw on its starch stores

A

in winter or at night

113
Q

where are the fats/oils which glucose can be converted into stored in a plant

A

seeds

114
Q

the fats/oils in the seeds of a plant are high stores of ____

A

energy

115
Q

cellulose is a ___of glucose

A

polymer

116
Q

cellulose is used for what in the plant

A

to make cell walls

117
Q

why do cell walls need to be made of cellulose

A

to keep cells turgid by preventing the vacuole bursting
keeps the structure of the plant strong

118
Q

how does the plant make amino acids

A

uses glucose and nitrate ions from the soil

119
Q

nitrate ions are absorbed by what

A

the root hair cell

120
Q

why does nitrate ion deficiency prevent plant growth

A

nitrate ions are needed to make amino acids (along with glucose)

121
Q

what does magnesium ion deficiency do to a plant

A

can cause chlorosis (lack of chlorophyll) and decrease photosynthesis

122
Q

what is chlorosis

A

lack of chlorophyll

123
Q

chlorosis causes plants to look less/more green and

A

less - it makes leaves yellow

124
Q

how to remember the factors affecting photosynthesis

A

I LACT the will to live - light, amount of chlorophyll, CO2 concentration, temperature

125
Q

why does temperature increase increase rate of photosynthesis

A

more reacting energy due to more collisions (use collision theory explanation)

126
Q

true or false: photosynthesis is catalysed by enzymes

A

true!!

127
Q

at higher temperatures above optimum, ___controlling photosynthesis ____

A

enzymes
denature

128
Q

at lower temperatures, rate of photosynthesis is lower as particles have ____energy, move ____and the ___of ___collisions decreases

A

less
slower
frequency
successful

129
Q

why does more light intensity increase rate of photosynthesis

A

provides more reacting energy for photosynthesis

130
Q

how to remember factors affecting photosynthesis and transpiration

A

I LACT THe WiL to live
light
amount of chlorophyll
CO2 conc
temperature

temperature
humidity
wind
light intensity

131
Q

what is the limiting factor

A

whatever factor is in the shortest supply

132
Q

describe/explain a limiting factor graph

A

the graph increases at a steady rate as long as ___is the limiting factor as it is controlling the amount of ___ produced. then the graph plateaus as another factor is the limiting factor and __no longer controls the amount of ___going on

133
Q

when the graph is a positive gradient in a rate of photosynthesis vs factor affecting it graph is the factor on the x axis the limiting factor or not

A

it is

134
Q

the graph for ___looks different to the others in terms of a graph of rate of photosynthesis vs factor affecting it

A

temperature

135
Q

what does the temperature graph for rate of photosynthesis vs temp look like

A

a hump - like an enzyme controlled reaction conventionally

136
Q

what does the graph of rate of photosynthesis and light intensity look like

A

a positive line then a flat line

137
Q

what does the graph for rate of photosynthesis and CO2 concentration look like

A

a positive gradient line and then a plateau

138
Q

explain a graph of temperature vs rate of photosynthesis

A

temperature is the limiting reactant at the start and rate of photosynthesis initially increases due to collision theory
then it plateaus as it is no longer the limiting factor
then it decreases as enzymes denature

139
Q

why might a variegated leaf (leaf with white patches) have less growth than a green leaf

A

it has less chlorophyll so can only absorb a limited amount of light energy for photosynthesis
so it is a limiting factor for the growth rate of the plant

GCSE Biology Revision (10 decks)

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