B4 - Bioenergetics Flashcards
Rate of photosynthesis:
Investigating the effects of light intensity on the fate of photosynthesis of _____ (give 3 possible things)
Elodea
Pondweed
Aquatic organism
Rate of photosynthesis:
What type of solution is pondweed put inside in the practical
Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
Rate of photosynthesis:
What do you use to measure distance from light source?
Metre ruler
NOT METRE STICK
Rate of photosynthesis:
How do you calculate rate of reaction?
Amount of product formed/time
OR
Or reactant
OR change in
Rate of photosynthesis:
Why do you leave the pondweed source at a distance for a specific period of time - say 2 mins
To record the number of bubbles given off, and allow adjustment
Rate of photosynthesis:
Give 6 control variables for investigation
Temperature
CO2 concentration
Type of plant
Time at each light intensity
Same solution for plant (of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution)
Type and source of light
Rate of photosynthesis:
What is volume of oxygen used
Volume of bubbles
Radius of 1 (estimate ) - could be 5 mm
Do 4/3 pi r cubed
Rate of photosynthesis:
What is the general unit for volume of bubbles
cm cubed
Rate of photosynthesis:
How do you control for amount of chlorophyll
Same length and species of pondweed
Rate of photosynthesis:
How do you control for CO2 concentration
Keep same concentration and volume of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
Rate of photosynthesis:
How do you control for temperature
Use an LED lamp (as doesnt heat up) or a heat screen
Rate of photosynthesis:
Always say volume not…
Amount
Rate of photosynthesis:
How do you increase light intensity?
Decrease distance between the pondweed and light source
Rate of photosynthesis:
ARtery takes blood AWay
Atrium is ABove
How helpful is that?
Very helpful
Rate of photosynthesis:
How do you improve photosynthesis required practical?
Use a measuring cylinder and glass funnel over pondweed
Bubbles redirected into measuring cylinder
Displacement of water measured to find volume of oxygen released
Rate of photosynthesis:
How do you calculate light intensity exactly
1 / distance squared = inverse square law
Rate of photosynthesis:
Why is a glass funnel used in the more accurate investigation
To redirect bubbles into measuring cylinder without stopping the light
Rate of photosynthesis:
Why is an inverted measuring cylinder used in the more accurate investigation?
Measures volume of water displaced - signifying the volume of oxygen released
Uses of glucose in plants
Give 5 uses
Respiration
Converted to insoluble starch for storage
Converted to fats or lipids
Converted to cellulose to make cell walls
Used to make amino acids for protein synthesis
Uses of glucose in plants
Glucose is ___ to release energy for ____ processes
Oxidised
Living
Uses of glucose in plants
Give an example of a use of energy from respiration in plants
Growth - building proteins
Uses of glucose in plants
Why is some glucose stored as INSOLUBLE STARCH for storage
Wont diffuse or affect water potential (the likelihood of water molecules to diffuse)
Uses of glucose in plants
Give 4 places starch is stored in
Roots, stems, seeds, leaves
Uses of glucose in plants
Starch is ____ glucose is not
Insoluble
Uses of glucose in plants
Starch is a ____ of glucose
Polymer
Uses of glucose in plants
True or false: once you have made starch from glucose you cannot make glucose again
False - the plant converts it back when rate of photosynthesis decreases - at night or in winter
Uses of glucose in plants
Where are the lipids which glucose can be converted to stored?
In seeds
Uses of glucose in plants
Lipids have really ____ energy stores
High
Uses of glucose in plants
Cellulose is a long chain of ___ bonded together
Glucose molecules
Uses of glucose in plants
Why is it important to have cell walls made of cellulose?
Keeps it turgid
By preventing vacuole bursting
Keeping structure strong
Keeps upward growth
Uses of glucose in plants
Nitrate ions from the soil (NH2) are used with ___ to make amino acids
Glucose
Uses of glucose in plants
A nitrate ion deficiency means a plant won’t ___ properly
Grow
Uses of glucose in plants
Nitrate ions are absorbed by ____ in the roots
Root hair cells
what is metabolism
the sum of every reaction in your body - always enzyme controlled
what is metabolic rate
the rate of all chemical reactions in the body
reactions in your body are almost always controlled by what
enzymes
give 2 key metabolic processes
building larger molecules
breaking down molecules
give an example of building larger molecules in a plant
carbohydrate production (in the form of starch and cellulose) from glucose
give 2 forms of carbohydrate in plants
starch and cellulose
give an example of building a larger molecule in animals
glycogen production from glucose
1 lipid is made from what
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
how many fatty acids for one lipid
3
how many glycerol for one lipid
1
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids make what
1 lipid
lipids are ____
esters
proteins are made of what
amino acids
amino acids are made from what
glucose + nitrate ions
glucose + nitrate ions = what
amino acid
where are excess amino acids broken down
in the liver
give 2 examples of breaking down molecules in the body
glucose broken down to release energy in respiration
excess protein broken down into urea and then excreted in urine
does respiration = breathing?
nope
what is respiration
a chemical reaction which releases energy from glucose
what is the word equation for aerobic respiration
oxygen + glucose -> CO2 + water
respiration is an ___reaction and it is exo/endo thermic
oxidation
exothermic
where does aerobic respiration take place
mitochondria
give 4 ways we use energy from respiration
keeping warm
muscle contraction
cell division
Building larger molecules (eg protein synthesis)
what is breathing/ventilation
mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs for gas exchange
which produces more energy aerobic or anaerobic respiration
aerobic
why does anaerobic respiration happen
incomplete oxidation of glucose due to lack of oxygen (during intense exercise)
what is the equation for anaerobic respiration
glucose -> lactic acid + energy
give 2 symptoms of lactic acid build up
muscle fatigue
muscles stop contracting efficiently = cramp
how do you get rid of lactic acid
react with oxygen
(or transport to liver to be converted to glucose)
what is the equation for oxidation of lactic acid
lactic acid + oxygen -> CO2 + water
what is it called when after exercise you keep breathing heavily and your heart rate stays high
oxygen debt
why does your breathing stay elevated after exercise
to break down lactic acid
give one way lactic acid can be got rid of without using oxygen
can be transported to the liver to be converted to glucose
where does anaerobic respiration take place in the cell
the cytoplasm
give 2 reasons anaerobic respiration isn’t a long term solution to your energy needs
less energy released
produces lactic acid
what is the word for anaerobic respiration in plants/yeast
fermentation
what is the equation for fermentation
glucose ->ethanol + CO2 (with yeast over arrow as catalyst)
how to remember the products of fermentation
bubbly beer (alcohol + CO2)
why is fermentation used to make beer
it creates alcohol (ethanol) and bubbles (CO2)
what makes bread rise
production of CO2 from fermentation
give 3 uses of fermentation
bread
wine
beer
how do you make wine
yeast + grapes
what are grapes for in making wine
store of glucose to fuel fermentation
in a blood pressure graph one ___is a heart beat
wave (peak to peak)
describe what happens during exercise 6 marks
more energy for muscle contraction needed as contractions need to happen more frequently and with more force
heart rate increases to supply more oxygen and glucose to muscles to respire
breathing rate increases to supply more oxygen to the blood
leading to an increased rate of respiration in muscles
give 2 things lymphocytes produce
antibodies and antitoxins
what is the investigation of the photosynthesis required practical
investigate the effect of light intensity on rate of photosynthesis of pondweed(or other aquatic organism)
what is the general unit for the volume of bubbles
cm cubed
always say ___not amount in the exam
volume
how do you control for the amount of chlorophyll in the experiment on photosynthesis
keep length and species of pondweed the same
how do you control for CO2 conc in the photosynthesis experiment
same concentration and volume of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
what type of solution should the pondweed be suspended in
sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
how do you control for temperature in photosynthesis experiment
use and LED lamp or heat screen
you should use a -___lamp or ____ inn the pondweed experiment to control for ___
LED
heat screen
temperature
what is the independent variable in the pondweed experiment
light intensity
how do you increase light intensity in the pondweed experiment
decrease distance between pondweed and light source
what is the law for light intensity called
inverse square law
what is the equation for light intensity in terms of distance between light and pondweed
1/ d squared
always mention both the __and __when talking about the distance between them pondweed practical
light source
pondweed
what is the setup of the photosynthesis experiment
use sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and pondweed in a clear glass test tube and a light source (LED white) with a metre RULER to measure the distance between them
describe the method for the pondweed practical
move the light 10, 20 etc up to 1m away from the pondweed using a metre ruler
leave for 2 minutes at a particular distance and record at the end
record the number of bubbles released from the pondweed at each distance
do 3 repeats of this so far
calculate a mean of bubbles released (then calc oxygen volume and rate of reaction etc)
how do you calculate volume of oxygen released in pondweed practical
volume of 1 bubble x number of bubbles
estimate the radius of one bubble to work this out and use 4/3 pi r cubed
what is the rate of reaction in pondweed practical
amount of product formed over time
what is the independent variable in the pondweed practical
distance from light source
what is the dependent variable in the pondweed practical
number of bubbles produced - NOT RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
give 3 control variables (blanket categories) for the pondweed practical
temp
co2 conc
amount of chlorophyll
time at each light intensity
how would you improve the pondweed practical to make it more accurate
use a measuring cylinder upturned over a funnel filled with water up to a point (leave lots of room for water displacement)
how is the volume of oxygen released measured in the improved version of the pondweed practical
bubbles are redirected to the measuring cylinder and displacement of water is measured to find volume of oxygen released
why is the glass funnel used in the improved photosynthesis practical
to redirect bubbles into the measuring cylinder
what is the inverted measuring cylinder used for in the pondweed practical improved
measure the volume of water displaced and this will be same as oxygen released
give 5 uses of glucose in plants
respiration
starch storage
lipids storage
cellulose
protein synthesis
give one use of the energy of respiration in plants
growth
why is glucose made into starch
it is insoluble
and so can be stored
as starch is insoluble it doesn’t affect ____or ____into other places
water potential
diffuse
starch is a ___of glucose
polymer
give 4 places starch is stored in a plant
leaf
stem
roots
seeds
give one place starch is not stored in a plant
petals
why is glucose turned to starch for storage
so it can be turned back into glucose when rate of photosynthesis decreases in winter or at night
give 2 times a plant might draw on its starch stores
in winter or at night
where are the fats/oils which glucose can be converted into stored in a plant
seeds
the fats/oils in the seeds of a plant are high stores of ____
energy
cellulose is a ___of glucose
polymer
cellulose is used for what in the plant
to make cell walls
why do cell walls need to be made of cellulose
to keep cells turgid by preventing the vacuole bursting
keeps the structure of the plant strong
how does the plant make amino acids
uses glucose and nitrate ions from the soil
nitrate ions are absorbed by what
the root hair cell
why does nitrate ion deficiency prevent plant growth
nitrate ions are needed to make amino acids (along with glucose)
what does magnesium ion deficiency do to a plant
can cause chlorosis (lack of chlorophyll) and decrease photosynthesis
what is chlorosis
lack of chlorophyll
chlorosis causes plants to look less/more green and
less - it makes leaves yellow
how to remember the factors affecting photosynthesis
I LACT the will to live - light, amount of chlorophyll, CO2 concentration, temperature
why does temperature increase increase rate of photosynthesis
more reacting energy due to more collisions (use collision theory explanation)
true or false: photosynthesis is catalysed by enzymes
true!!
at higher temperatures above optimum, ___controlling photosynthesis ____
enzymes
denature
at lower temperatures, rate of photosynthesis is lower as particles have ____energy, move ____and the ___of ___collisions decreases
less
slower
frequency
successful
why does more light intensity increase rate of photosynthesis
provides more reacting energy for photosynthesis
how to remember factors affecting photosynthesis and transpiration
I LACT THe WiL to live
light
amount of chlorophyll
CO2 conc
temperature
temperature
humidity
wind
light intensity
what is the limiting factor
whatever factor is in the shortest supply
describe/explain a limiting factor graph
the graph increases at a steady rate as long as ___is the limiting factor as it is controlling the amount of ___ produced. then the graph plateaus as another factor is the limiting factor and __no longer controls the amount of ___going on
when the graph is a positive gradient in a rate of photosynthesis vs factor affecting it graph is the factor on the x axis the limiting factor or not
it is
the graph for ___looks different to the others in terms of a graph of rate of photosynthesis vs factor affecting it
temperature
what does the temperature graph for rate of photosynthesis vs temp look like
a hump - like an enzyme controlled reaction conventionally
what does the graph of rate of photosynthesis and light intensity look like
a positive line then a flat line
what does the graph for rate of photosynthesis and CO2 concentration look like
a positive gradient line and then a plateau
explain a graph of temperature vs rate of photosynthesis
temperature is the limiting reactant at the start and rate of photosynthesis initially increases due to collision theory
then it plateaus as it is no longer the limiting factor
then it decreases as enzymes denature
why might a variegated leaf (leaf with white patches) have less growth than a green leaf
it has less chlorophyll so can only absorb a limited amount of light energy for photosynthesis
so it is a limiting factor for the growth rate of the plant
