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GCSE Biology Revision > B3 - infection and response > Flashcards

B3 - infection and response Flashcards

1
Q

give 4 primary non specific defences of the body

A

skin
nose
trachea + bronchi
stomach

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2
Q

the primary defences of the body are specific/nonspecific

A

specific

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3
Q

give 2 ways the skin defends against pathogens

A

secretes antimicrobials to kill pathogens
physical barrier

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4
Q

how is the nose a primary defence against pathogens

A

hairs and mucus trap air particles and prevent pathogens entering

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5
Q

what 2 things in the nose prevent pathogens entering

A

mucus and hairs

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6
Q

how does the trachea and the bronchi act as a primary non specific defence against disease

A

lined with cilia cells and mucus
cilia wafts mucus up into the mouth
where it is swallowed
and stomach acid destroys it

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7
Q

what do the trachea and bronchi have which traps pathogens and is then swallowed

A

cilia cells and mucus

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8
Q

what wafts mucus up the trachea to be swallowed

A

cilia cells

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9
Q

what does the stomach do to be barrier against pathogens

A

produces hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens

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10
Q

phagocytes are a specific/nonspecific defence

A

nonspecific

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11
Q

every cell has ___on the outside

A

antigens

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12
Q

antigens are ___and ___specific

A

species
individual

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13
Q

what to antigens allow the immune system to do

A

recognise cells

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14
Q

antigens are found on the __of the pathogen and on ___produced by the pathogen

A

surface
toxins

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15
Q

what are antigens

A

protein markers which trigger a white blood cell response in the immune system

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16
Q

remember that the antiGen is the Genetics of the cell

A

memory trick

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17
Q

what is the process called in which a phagocyte engulfs, digests and destroys a pathogen

A

phagocytosis

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18
Q

_____theory can explain why anti toxins are specific to toxins

A

lock and key

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19
Q

at the end of an infection white blood cells can specialise into what

A

memory cells

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20
Q

what is the advantage of memory cells

A

they produce antibodies rapidly and in large concentrations

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21
Q

what does it mean if someone has immunity

A

they have memory cells for a specific disease

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22
Q

memory cells ___the pathogen before it causes ____

A

destroy
symptoms

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23
Q

what is a vaccine

A

a dead or inactive form of a pathogen

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24
Q

what does a vaccination rollout lead to

A

disease immunity then eventually herd immunity

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25
Q

how do vaccines stop the spread of disease

A

they promote immunity which prevents pathogen transmission

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26
Q

vaccines cause ____production which eventually leads to the creation of ___cells

A

antibody
memory

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27
Q

antibody levels are higher/lower on second exposure

A

higher

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28
Q

antibodies are produced faster/slower on second exposure

A

faster

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29
Q

give 3 types of antimicrobials

A

antibiotics
antivirals
antifungals

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30
Q

give a type of antibiotic

A

penicillin

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31
Q

who discovered penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming

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32
Q

what was penicillin discovered in

A

mould

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33
Q

what is antibacterial resistance

A

when bacteria no longer responds to antibiotics

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34
Q

bacteria can undergo ___which make it antibiotic resistant

A

mutations

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35
Q

in anti biotic rich areas such as a ____, it is more/less likely antibiotic resistant bacteria will grow

A

hospital
more

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36
Q

due to ___anti biotic resistant bacteria survive and reproduce

A

evolution

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37
Q

some bacteria can ___or ____DNA which is antibiotic resistant after death

A

conjugate (transfer DNA by contact)
pass on/reproduce

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38
Q

give an example of an antibiotic resistant strain of bacteria

A

MRSA

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39
Q

what is MRSA known as

A

a superbug

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40
Q

what does MRSA cause

A

staphylococcus aurieus

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41
Q

MRSA is resistant to one/multiple antibiotic(s)

A

multiple

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42
Q

what is aspirin made from

A

the bark of willow trees

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43
Q

what is digitalis made from

A

foxgloves

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44
Q

what does digitalis do

A

treats heart conditions

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45
Q

what does aspirin do

A

its an anti inflammatory

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46
Q

how long does a drug trial take usually

A

12 years

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47
Q

what is toxicity another word for

A

safety

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48
Q

what does efficacy mean in the context of drug trials

A

how well it works to treat a disease

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49
Q

how many drugs are tested in preclinical trials

A

10 000

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50
Q

what is the very first stage of a drug trail called

A

preclinical trial - its mainly for research and discovery

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51
Q

what is the preclinical trial part 1 tested for

A

efficacy

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52
Q

when drugs are tested on cells and tissues and on animals this is a test for what

A

toxicity

53
Q

what 3 things are drugs tested on in preclinical trials

A

animals, cells and tissues

54
Q

what is the stage 1 of clinical trials

A

tested on small groups of healthy people

55
Q

what 2 things does the test on small groups of healthy people test for

A

toxicity and side effects and dosage

56
Q

why don’t they test a drug on sick people before healthy ones

A

the sick people are more vulnerable

57
Q

what is the clinical trail stage 2

A

testing on small groups of patients doing a double blind trial

58
Q

you start at a low/high dosage and work down/up

A

low
up

59
Q

clinical trials stage 3 is what

A

double blind trial with a larger group of people

60
Q

what is the placebo

A

a fake drug - a saline injection or sugar pill

61
Q

why is it called a double blind trial

A

neither doctors nor patients know who has placebo and who has the drug

62
Q

what % receive the drug and what % the placebo

A

50 50

63
Q

what is the final stage of a clinical trial

A

peer review

64
Q

give 3 things peer review does

A

checks validity of the test
prevents false claims
prevents bias

65
Q

give an example of a non peer reviewed paper

A

MMR vaccine (for measles/mumps) was causing autism

66
Q

give an example of a drug trial that didn’t work properly and caused issues as it was a harmful drug in some cases

A

thalidomide

67
Q

thalidomide wasn’t tested on what group of people

A

pregnant women

68
Q

why did pregnant women take thalidomide

A

to prevent morning sickness

69
Q

what did thalidomide do

A

caused underdeveloped limbs in babies (affected the baby boomer generation)

70
Q

what is a vector

A

an organism that spreads disease from one organism to another

71
Q

give 3 examples of vectors

A

fleas, aphids and mosquitoes

72
Q

what is binary fission

A

the process by which prokaryotic cells divide

73
Q

how do bacteria cause damage

A

by releasing toxins

74
Q

binary fission is slow/rapid

A

rapid

75
Q

how does bacteria cause sickness

A

replicating outside of our cells and producing toxins than damage tissues

76
Q

bacteria are pro/eukaryotic

A

Prokaryotes

77
Q

are viruses cells?

A

no

78
Q

viruses can/cannot replicate on their own

A

cannot

79
Q

where do viruses replicate in our body

A

inside our cells

80
Q

how do viruses damage you

A

they replicate inside your cells using your DNA
then your cell starts to produce the virus
then the cell bursts and the virus is released
damaging the host cells and making you ill

81
Q

which is smaller by a factor of 100 compared to the other viruses or bacteria

A

virus

82
Q

bacteria are 100 times smaller/bigger than our cells

A

smaller

83
Q

what is the pathogen for malaria

A

protist

84
Q

give 3 ways of transmitting disease

A

air
water
contact
food that is uncooked or uncontaminated

85
Q

give 2 things that can transmit a virus through the air

A

cough/sneezing
talking/breathing

86
Q

give an example of a way a disease can be spread through water

A

drinking dirty water containing faecal matter

87
Q

give 3 ways contact can transmit disease

A

sexual and skin contact
animal bites
cuts and stratches or dirty needles

88
Q

how many types of communicable disease do you need to know

A

7

89
Q

name all the communicable diseases you need to know

A

tobacco mosaic virus
rose black spot
HIV
measels
gonorrhoea
salmonella
malaria

90
Q

what type of pathogen is measles

A

virus

91
Q

how is measles transmitted

A

the air

92
Q

give 3 symptoms of measles

A

red rash
rever
impending death

93
Q

give 2 ways measles can be prevented

A

isolation
vaccination of infants with MMR vaccine

94
Q

what type of vaccine is used against measles

A

MMR

95
Q

HIV is a bacteria/virus

A

virus obviously

96
Q

what does HIV virus do

A

destroys white blood cells reducing immune defence against infections

97
Q

how is HIV transmitted

A

sexually/exchange of bodily fluids in any way eg drug users sharing needles

98
Q

give the early symptoms of HIV

A

flu and temperature

99
Q

what is the later symptom of HIV

A

AIDS

100
Q

HIV left untreated turns to what

A

AIDS

101
Q

what does it mean to have aids

A

immune system is severely damaged and small infections can be fatal

102
Q

what is the treatment for HIV

A

antiretrovirals

103
Q

what is the prevention for HIV

A

condoms

104
Q

what does tobacco mosaic virus do

A

damages plant chloroplasts and prevents some photosynthesis - stunting growth

105
Q

give 2 plant symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus

A

stunted growth and mosaic pattern on leaves

106
Q

what organelle does tobacco mosaic virus damage

A

chloroplasts

107
Q

what type of pathogen is salmonella

A

bacteria

108
Q

give 4 symptoms of salmonella

A

vomiting
diarrhoea
stomach cramps
fever

109
Q

how is salmonella transmitted

A

by uncooked or contaminated food

110
Q

how is salmonella prevented

A

vaccination of chickens or poultry

111
Q

what type of pathogen is gonorrhoea

A

bacteria

112
Q

what are 2 symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

yellow/green smelly discharge from penis or vagina
pain while urinating

113
Q

what is the treatment for gonorrhoea

A

antibiotics

114
Q

what is the prevention for gonorrhoea

A

condoms

115
Q

what is malaria pathogen

A

protist

116
Q

give 2 symptoms of malaria

A

recurring fever
impending death

117
Q

how is malaria transmitted

A

carried by the mosquito vector
transmitted by the mosquito BITE

118
Q

give 5 preventative measures for malaria

A

vaccination
insecticides
not living near marshy areas
mosquito nets
malaria tablets

119
Q

what type of pathogen is rose black spot

A

fungus

120
Q

what is a symptom of rose black spot

A

black spots on the leaves of roses

121
Q

where there are black spots on the leaves of roses affected by rose black spot there are no ___-

A

chloroplasts

122
Q

plants affected by rose black spot will get

A

stunted growth

123
Q

give 2 ways rose black spot can be transmitted

A

wind
water

124
Q

give 2 ways of preventing rose black spot

A

burn affected leaves
fungicides

125
Q

give the one disease caused by fungus

A

rose black spot

126
Q

give all diseases (in the spec) caused by virus

A

HIV
tobacco mosaic
measles

127
Q

give all diseases (In spec) caused by bacteria

A

gonorrhoea
salmonella

128
Q

give all diseases in spec caused by protist

A

malaria

129
Q
A

GCSE Biology Revision (10 decks)

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