B3 - infection and response Flashcards
give 4 primary non specific defences of the body
skin
nose
trachea + bronchi
stomach
the primary defences of the body are specific/nonspecific
specific
give 2 ways the skin defends against pathogens
secretes antimicrobials to kill pathogens
physical barrier
how is the nose a primary defence against pathogens
hairs and mucus trap air particles and prevent pathogens entering
what 2 things in the nose prevent pathogens entering
mucus and hairs
how does the trachea and the bronchi act as a primary non specific defence against disease
lined with cilia cells and mucus
cilia wafts mucus up into the mouth
where it is swallowed
and stomach acid destroys it
what do the trachea and bronchi have which traps pathogens and is then swallowed
cilia cells and mucus
what wafts mucus up the trachea to be swallowed
cilia cells
what does the stomach do to be barrier against pathogens
produces hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens
phagocytes are a specific/nonspecific defence
nonspecific
every cell has ___on the outside
antigens
antigens are ___and ___specific
species
individual
what to antigens allow the immune system to do
recognise cells
antigens are found on the __of the pathogen and on ___produced by the pathogen
surface
toxins
what are antigens
protein markers which trigger a white blood cell response in the immune system
remember that the antiGen is the Genetics of the cell
memory trick
what is the process called in which a phagocyte engulfs, digests and destroys a pathogen
phagocytosis
_____theory can explain why anti toxins are specific to toxins
lock and key
at the end of an infection white blood cells can specialise into what
memory cells
what is the advantage of memory cells
they produce antibodies rapidly and in large concentrations
what does it mean if someone has immunity
they have memory cells for a specific disease
memory cells ___the pathogen before it causes ____
destroy
symptoms
what is a vaccine
a dead or inactive form of a pathogen
what does a vaccination rollout lead to
disease immunity then eventually herd immunity
how do vaccines stop the spread of disease
they promote immunity which prevents pathogen transmission
vaccines cause ____production which eventually leads to the creation of ___cells
antibody
memory
antibody levels are higher/lower on second exposure
higher
antibodies are produced faster/slower on second exposure
faster
give 3 types of antimicrobials
antibiotics
antivirals
antifungals
give a type of antibiotic
penicillin
who discovered penicillin
Alexander Fleming
what was penicillin discovered in
mould
what is antibacterial resistance
when bacteria no longer responds to antibiotics
bacteria can undergo ___which make it antibiotic resistant
mutations
in anti biotic rich areas such as a ____, it is more/less likely antibiotic resistant bacteria will grow
hospital
more
due to ___anti biotic resistant bacteria survive and reproduce
evolution
some bacteria can ___or ____DNA which is antibiotic resistant after death
conjugate (transfer DNA by contact)
pass on/reproduce
give an example of an antibiotic resistant strain of bacteria
MRSA
what is MRSA known as
a superbug
what does MRSA cause
staphylococcus aurieus
MRSA is resistant to one/multiple antibiotic(s)
multiple
what is aspirin made from
the bark of willow trees
what is digitalis made from
foxgloves
what does digitalis do
treats heart conditions
what does aspirin do
its an anti inflammatory
how long does a drug trial take usually
12 years
what is toxicity another word for
safety
what does efficacy mean in the context of drug trials
how well it works to treat a disease
how many drugs are tested in preclinical trials
10 000
what is the very first stage of a drug trail called
preclinical trial - its mainly for research and discovery
what is the preclinical trial part 1 tested for
efficacy
when drugs are tested on cells and tissues and on animals this is a test for what
toxicity
what 3 things are drugs tested on in preclinical trials
animals, cells and tissues
what is the stage 1 of clinical trials
tested on small groups of healthy people
what 2 things does the test on small groups of healthy people test for
toxicity and side effects and dosage
why don’t they test a drug on sick people before healthy ones
the sick people are more vulnerable
what is the clinical trail stage 2
testing on small groups of patients doing a double blind trial
you start at a low/high dosage and work down/up
low
up
clinical trials stage 3 is what
double blind trial with a larger group of people
what is the placebo
a fake drug - a saline injection or sugar pill
why is it called a double blind trial
neither doctors nor patients know who has placebo and who has the drug
what % receive the drug and what % the placebo
50 50
what is the final stage of a clinical trial
peer review
give 3 things peer review does
checks validity of the test
prevents false claims
prevents bias
give an example of a non peer reviewed paper
MMR vaccine (for measles/mumps) was causing autism
give an example of a drug trial that didn’t work properly and caused issues as it was a harmful drug in some cases
thalidomide
thalidomide wasn’t tested on what group of people
pregnant women
why did pregnant women take thalidomide
to prevent morning sickness
what did thalidomide do
caused underdeveloped limbs in babies (affected the baby boomer generation)
what is a vector
an organism that spreads disease from one organism to another
give 3 examples of vectors
fleas, aphids and mosquitoes
what is binary fission
the process by which prokaryotic cells divide
how do bacteria cause damage
by releasing toxins
binary fission is slow/rapid
rapid
how does bacteria cause sickness
replicating outside of our cells and producing toxins than damage tissues
bacteria are pro/eukaryotic
Prokaryotes
are viruses cells?
no
viruses can/cannot replicate on their own
cannot
where do viruses replicate in our body
inside our cells
how do viruses damage you
they replicate inside your cells using your DNA
then your cell starts to produce the virus
then the cell bursts and the virus is released
damaging the host cells and making you ill
which is smaller by a factor of 100 compared to the other viruses or bacteria
virus
bacteria are 100 times smaller/bigger than our cells
smaller
what is the pathogen for malaria
protist
give 3 ways of transmitting disease
air
water
contact
food that is uncooked or uncontaminated
give 2 things that can transmit a virus through the air
cough/sneezing
talking/breathing
give an example of a way a disease can be spread through water
drinking dirty water containing faecal matter
give 3 ways contact can transmit disease
sexual and skin contact
animal bites
cuts and stratches or dirty needles
how many types of communicable disease do you need to know
7
name all the communicable diseases you need to know
tobacco mosaic virus
rose black spot
HIV
measels
gonorrhoea
salmonella
malaria
what type of pathogen is measles
virus
how is measles transmitted
the air
give 3 symptoms of measles
red rash
rever
impending death
give 2 ways measles can be prevented
isolation
vaccination of infants with MMR vaccine
what type of vaccine is used against measles
MMR
HIV is a bacteria/virus
virus obviously
what does HIV virus do
destroys white blood cells reducing immune defence against infections
how is HIV transmitted
sexually/exchange of bodily fluids in any way eg drug users sharing needles
give the early symptoms of HIV
flu and temperature
what is the later symptom of HIV
AIDS
HIV left untreated turns to what
AIDS
what does it mean to have aids
immune system is severely damaged and small infections can be fatal
what is the treatment for HIV
antiretrovirals
what is the prevention for HIV
condoms
what does tobacco mosaic virus do
damages plant chloroplasts and prevents some photosynthesis - stunting growth
give 2 plant symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus
stunted growth and mosaic pattern on leaves
what organelle does tobacco mosaic virus damage
chloroplasts
what type of pathogen is salmonella
bacteria
give 4 symptoms of salmonella
vomiting
diarrhoea
stomach cramps
fever
how is salmonella transmitted
by uncooked or contaminated food
how is salmonella prevented
vaccination of chickens or poultry
what type of pathogen is gonorrhoea
bacteria
what are 2 symptoms of gonorrhoea
yellow/green smelly discharge from penis or vagina
pain while urinating
what is the treatment for gonorrhoea
antibiotics
what is the prevention for gonorrhoea
condoms
what is malaria pathogen
protist
give 2 symptoms of malaria
recurring fever
impending death
how is malaria transmitted
carried by the mosquito vector
transmitted by the mosquito BITE
give 5 preventative measures for malaria
vaccination
insecticides
not living near marshy areas
mosquito nets
malaria tablets
what type of pathogen is rose black spot
fungus
what is a symptom of rose black spot
black spots on the leaves of roses
where there are black spots on the leaves of roses affected by rose black spot there are no ___-
chloroplasts
plants affected by rose black spot will get
stunted growth
give 2 ways rose black spot can be transmitted
wind
water
give 2 ways of preventing rose black spot
burn affected leaves
fungicides
give the one disease caused by fungus
rose black spot
give all diseases (in the spec) caused by virus
HIV
tobacco mosaic
measles
give all diseases (In spec) caused by bacteria
gonorrhoea
salmonella
give all diseases in spec caused by protist
malaria
