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GCSE Biology Revision > B1-4 Triple Paper 1 > Flashcards

B1-4 Triple Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Monoclonal antibody production
What are they?

A

Antibodies cloned from a single cell

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2
Q

Monoclonal antibody production
Why are they specifically useful?

A

They are stable and can be used over a period of time

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3
Q

Monoclonal antibody production
Give 3 ways in which they are used

A

Testing + diagnosis + treatments

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4
Q

Monoclonal antibody production
How are they produced in a lab?

A

Inject mouse with antigen to stimulate specific antibodies
Extract mouse spleen cells containing B-lymphocytes and culture them
Fuse with fast dividing tumour cells cultured in lab to make hybridoma by mixing in the same plate. Then culture this. Add polyethylene glycol to complete
Hybridoma cells rapidly produces lots of clones
Extract cells by testing the medium around the cell for the antibody of interest

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5
Q

Culturing micro organisms
What type of division do prokaryotic cells undergo

A

Unicellular division = binary fission

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6
Q

Culturing micro organisms
Give the 4 stages of binary fission

A

Single loop of DNA and plasmids replicate
Cell grows and the strands of DNA move to opposite sides of the cell
Cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell walls form
Separate bacteria cells produced

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7
Q

Culturing micro organisms
After how many minutes can bacteria multiply in the right conditions

A

Every 20 minutes

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8
Q

Culturing micro organisms
Give 4 factors affecting bacteria growth

A

Temperature
Nutrition
Oxygen
pH

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9
Q

Culturing micro organisms
What is the lag phase of bacterial growth in a sealed container?

A

Adjusting to environment - binary fission hasn’t begun

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10
Q

Culturing micro organisms
What is the exponential growth phase for bacterial growth in a sealed container?

A

Optimum binary fission with continued growth

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11
Q

Culturing micro organisms
What is the stationary phase for bacterial growth

A

Nutrients are low and waste builds up - rate of binary fission is equal to the death rate

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12
Q

Culturing micro organisms
What is the death phase of bacterial growth in a sealed container

A

Nutrients are too low and waste is too high so bacteria overall dies

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13
Q

Culturing micro organisms
What is the mean division time?

A

The average amount of time it takes for one bacterial cell to divide into 2

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14
Q

Culturing micro organisms
How many bacteria will be in the population after x time given y mean division time and a initial population

A

a times 2 to the power (x/y)

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15
Q

Culturing micro organisms
Round to how many decimal places unless question is in 3dp?

A

2dp

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16
Q

Culturing micro organisms
Give 2 different culture mediums

A

Petri dish with an agar gel plate
Nutrient broth solution

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17
Q

Culturing micro organisms
What do culture mediums contain ?

A

Carbohydrates, minerals, proteins and vitamins which bacteria need to grow

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18
Q

Give 3 uses of culturing bacteria

A

Investigating action of:
Antiseptics
Disinfectants
Antibiotics

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19
Q

Culturing micro organisms
What are antiseptics?

A

Chemicals used to clean wounds to prevent bacteria or pathogens

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20
Q

Culturing micro organisms
What are disinfectants?

A

Chemicals used to clean surfaces/objects where bacteria may be found

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21
Q

Culturing micro organisms
What are antibiotics?

A

Used to treat bacterial infections by killing bacteria through preventing cell wall formation

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22
Q

Culturing micro organisms
Why is it important to prevent contamination in cutting bacteria studies?

A

Prevent Inaccuracy - other factors could affect results of the study
Prevent accidental culturing of a dangerous pathogen

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23
Q

Culturing micro organisms
Give the 1st aseptic technique to prevent contamination

A

Sterilise workspace by wiping with disinfectant

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24
Q

Culturing micro organisms
Give the 2nd aseptic technique to prevent contamination

A

Turn on the Bunsen burner to prevent air Bourne contamination by creating convection currents with a cone of hot air

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25
Q

Culturing micro organisms
What should you wash hands with as stage 3?

A

70% ethanol

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26
Q

How should you sterilise the inoculating loop?

A

With the flame

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27
Q

What should you put the Petri dishes and agar jelly into?

A

An autoclave

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28
Q

Culturing micro organisms
What is an autoclave?

A

A high temperature sterilising incubator

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29
Q

Culturing micro organisms
What changes colour after it has been autoclaved?

A

Paper - so you know it has taken place

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30
Q

Culturing micro organisms
Which part of the flame should you pass the inoculating loop through?

A

The hottest part of the flame

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31
Q

Why should you only lightly tape adhesive tape to the Petri dish?

A

To allow the aerobic respiration of bacteria - as anaerobic respiration is more likely to culture an unwanted bacterium

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32
Q

Why do you store the Petri dish upside down?

A

To prevent condensation falling on the cultures

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33
Q

Why are colonies inoculated at 25 degrees in schools

A

To reduce the change of growing a dangerous pathogen which could harm humans

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34
Q

What are inhibition zones

A

Areas in the culture where bacteria has not grown

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35
Q

How do you measure the effectiveness of disinfectants

A

Measure the size of the inhibition zone

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36
Q

What is the difference between a streak and a lawn culture

A

A streak = in lines
Lawn = over whole plate

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37
Q

What are two possible ways of culturing the bacteria

A

Petri dish vs broth

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38
Q

What are clear zones around bacteria?

A

Inhibition zones

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39
Q

Why is there a dish with no antibiotic in. An investigation into culturing micro organisms

A

As a control - to compare inhibition zones and check whether they were naturally occurring or due to the independent variable

40
Q

Give step 1 of culturing micro organisms

A

Spray surface with disinfectant

41
Q

Give step 2 of culturing micro organisms

A

Place Bunsen burner on a heat proof mat and light it to yellow flame

42
Q

Give step 3

A

Wash hands with antibacterial hand wash

43
Q

Give step 4

A

Mark the underneath of the nutrient agar plate either a wax pencil - make cure the lid stays in place to avoid contamination - and write the name and date of the bacteria (E Coli) - split into 3 sections width dots in the middle

44
Q

Give step 5 of the method

A

Turn flame to blue

45
Q

Give step 6 of the method

A

Flame the neck of the bottle containing bacteria

46
Q

Culturing micro organisms
Give step 6 continued

A

Using a disposable pipette collect 1ml of the culture

47
Q

When you open the lid of the agar plate ensure that it is only fully open where

A

On the Bunsen burner side

48
Q

Dip the glass spreader into what and do what

A

Ethanol
Pass it through the flame

49
Q

Allow the spreader to cool for how many seconds after passing through flame

A

20 seconds

50
Q

Incubate the plate at ___ degrees for ___ hours

A

25
48

51
Q

Measure the diameter of what
And then take another measurement at __ degrees to the first and take an ___ for the diameter

A

The clear zones
90
Average

52
Q

Why pass inoculating loop through flame

A

To sterilise it and kill bacteria on it

53
Q

Why allow inoculating loop to cool after passing it through flame

A

To prevent heat killing bacteria in the culture

54
Q

Why only partially open the lid of the Petri dish?

A

Allow some oxygen for aerobic respiration but not too much - and make sure bacteria don’t escape?

55
Q

Why is Petri dish sealed with sticky tape?

A

So it can be stored upside down
And stop bacteria escaping and contaminating surfaces

56
Q

PLANT DISEASES + DEFENCES

A
57
Q

Give 2 things plant diseases can be caused by

A

Pathogens and insects

58
Q

Give an example of an insect that causes plant disease

A

An aphid

59
Q

Give 2 examples of mineral ion deficiencies

A

Nitrate ions and magnesium deficiency

60
Q

What does nitrate ion deficiency cause

A

Stunted growth

61
Q

Nitrate ions are needed to do what

A

Convert sugars made from photosynthesis to make proteins

62
Q

What can magnesium deficiency cause

A

Chlorosis

63
Q

What is Chlorosis

A

Lack of chlorophyll

64
Q

What d]colour do leaves turn due to Chlorosis?

A

Yellow

65
Q

Why do leaves turn yellow due to Chlorosis?

A

Green pigment lost

66
Q

Magnesium ions are needed o make what

A

Chlorophyll

67
Q

How do you prevent mineral ion deficiencies in plants

A

Fertilisers with these ions included

68
Q

Give 6 signs of plant disease

A

Discolouration/spots on leaves
Malformed stem, root or leaf,
Tumour like growth
Stunted growth
Presence of pests (insects)
Decay/rot (usually due to insects)

69
Q

Give 3 ways to identify a plant disease

A

Gardening manuals
Taking plant to a lab
Using test kits containing monoclonal antibodies

70
Q

Give the type of identification used by people at home

A

Gardening manuals

71
Q

Give type of identification used for large crop areas

A

Taking plant to lab

72
Q

Why is it difficult to diagnose plant diseases

A

Many have similar symptoms

73
Q

Why is it important to identify plant diseases quickly

A

Treatment more likely to be successful

74
Q

Give 1 non communicable disease type

A

Mineral deficiency

75
Q

Give 2 ways of plants getting communicable disease

A

Pests or pathogens

76
Q

Give 4 types of pests

A

Aphids, nematodes, larvae, worms

77
Q

Give 2 things that aphids can do to harm plant

A

Sharp mouth penetrates phloem vessels
Vectors of disease

78
Q

Where to nematodes live

A

In the soil

79
Q

What do nematodes do to damage plant

A

Feed in or on plant roots - prevent water/mineral absorption

80
Q

Give 2 ways that pests can cause harm to plants

A

Destroy plant directly
Vectors for disease

81
Q

Give 2 methods of treatment for pest diseases

A

Pesticides
Antifungals

82
Q

Give 1 viral plant disease

A

Tobacco mosaic virus

83
Q

Give 1 fungal plant disease

A

Rose black spot

84
Q

Give 2 ways tobacco mosaic virus can be transmitted

A

Aphids as vectors
Mechanical transmission on plant worker’s hands

85
Q

Can tobacco mosaic virus replicate in dead cells

A

No

86
Q

Can tobacco mosaic virus be dormant in dead cells?

A

Yes

87
Q

Give 3 types of plant defences

A

Physical
Chemical
Mechanical

88
Q

Give 4 physical defences

A

Cellulose wall
Tough waxy cuticle
Bark
Leaf fall

89
Q

What do cellulose walls do

A

Resists pathogen invasion - strengthening plant cells

90
Q

Give the defence provided by tough waxy cuticle

A

Barrier to pathogen entry

91
Q

Give 2 barriers provided by bark and dead cells on stems

A

Hard, form protective barrier
Sometimes shed - get rid of pathogens if attached

92
Q

How does leaf fall work as a defence

A

Losing leaves loses pathogens on leaves

93
Q

What is a chemical plant defence against disease

A

Produce antibacterial chemical - especially for bacteria which grow on leaf surface

94
Q

True or false: some plants can produce antiseptic or anti microbial chemicals or antibacterial compounds

A

True

95
Q

Give 2 examples of plants secreting antibacterial compounds

A

Mint/witch hazel + pine trees

96
Q

Give 5 mechanical defences against disease

A

Drooping/curling leaves when touched - moves away from insects eating them
Poisons
Thorns
Hairy leaves/stems
Mimicry

97
Q

Give 2 methods of mimicry that plants perform

A

Mimic dangerous plant species or a nearby plant

GCSE Biology Revision (10 decks)

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