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GCSE Biology Revision > B1 - Cell Biology - Combined > Flashcards

B1 - Cell Biology - Combined Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell types
What are the two main cell types?

A

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic

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2
Q

Cell types
Which is bigger - eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic - 5 - 100 micrometers
Prokaryotic inky 0.2 - 2 micrometers

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3
Q

Cell types
What organelles do both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have in common?

A

Ribosomes
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm

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4
Q

Cell types
What are 3 examples of eukaryotic cells?

A

Animal, plant, fungi cells

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5
Q

Cell types
What organelles to eukaryotic cells only sometimes have?

A

Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Permanent vacuole

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6
Q

Cell types
In a eukaryotic cell - where is the DNA?

A

In the nucleus

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7
Q

Cell types
Eukaryotic cells have ___ bound organelles

A

Membrane

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8
Q

Cell types
What organelles to prokaryotic cells only sometimes have

A

Capsule and flagella

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9
Q

Cell types
Where is DNA stored in prokaryotic cell?

A

Single loop of loose DNA and plasmids

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10
Q

Cell types
True or false: prokaryotic cells have no membrane bound organelles

A

True

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11
Q

Cell types
What is an example of a prokaryotic cell

A

Bacterial cell

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12
Q

Organelles
What is the function of the nucleus

A

Contains the genetic material of the cell and controls its activities

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13
Q

Organelles
What is the function of the cytoplasm

A

It is the area where most chemical reactions occur

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14
Q

Organelles
What is the function of the cell membrane

A

It controls the substances that go in and out of the cell

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15
Q

Organelles
What are mitochondria?

A

Sit of (aerobic) respiration whereby energy is released (NOT PRODUCED)

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16
Q

Organelles
What are ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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17
Q

Organelles
What is the permanent vacuole?

A

Filled with cell sap to keep the cell turgid (hard and rigid)

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18
Q

Organelles
What does turgid mean?

A

Hard and rigid

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19
Q

Organelles
What does the cell wall do

A

Strengthens and supports the cell

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20
Q

Organelles
What is the cell wall made of in plant cells

A

Cellulose

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21
Q

Organelles
What are chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis

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22
Q

Organelles
What do chloroplasts contain that allows them to absorb light energy for photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll

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23
Q

Organelles
What pigment does chlorophyll have?

A

A green pigment

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24
Q

Organelles
What are plasmids?

A

Small rings of DNA loose within the cytoplasm

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25
Q

Organelles
True or false: plasmids can be shared between cells, passing anti-biotic resistant genes to each other

A

True

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26
Q

Organelles
What is the capsule?

A

Sticky layer covering the cell wall

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27
Q

Organelles
What does the capsule help the cell to do

A

Stick to surface and avoid immune responses

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28
Q

Organelles
What is the flagella?

A

Long threadlike structure which enables the cell to move at speed

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29
Q

Organelles
What is the single loose ring of DNA

A

Single, circular loop of DNA loose within the cytoplasm

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30
Q

Diffusion
What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient

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31
Q

Diffusion
True or false: diffusion is an active process?

A

False : it is passive

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32
Q

Diffusion
What is a passive process?

A

One which doesn’t require energy

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33
Q

Diffusion
What is the concentration gradient?

A

Difference in concentration between two areas
Larger difference = faster rate of diffusion

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34
Q

Diffusion
As molecules diffuse the concentration gradient increases/decreases?

A

Decreases

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35
Q

Diffusion
What are 4 adaptions to increase rate of diffusion?

A

Increase temperature
Increase concentration gradient
Increase surface area
Reduce diffusion pathway distance

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36
Q

Diffusion
What are the two adaptions of the red blood cell for diffusion?

A

Biconcave shape - large surface area
Thin membrane - short diffusion pathway

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37
Q

Diffusion
What are the three adaptions of the villi for diffusion

A

Curved - large surface area
Thin membrane and close blood vessels - short diffusion pathway
Efficient blood supply - maintains steep concentration gradient

38
Q

Diffusion
True or false: the adaptions for diffusion are the same in the villi as the alveoli and gills of the fish

A

True

39
Q

Diffusion
What are the three adaptions of the root hair cell for diffusion?

A

Long protrusion (large surface area)
Thin membrane (short diffusion pathway)
Well ventilated to maintain steep concentration gradient

40
Q

Diffusion
What are the three adaptions of plant leaves for diffusion?

A

Well ventilated to maintain steep concentration gradient
Large surface area - curved
Short (non existent) diffusion pathway with stoma

41
Q

Stem cells
True or false: sperm cells are produced by differentiation

A

False: they are not produced by differentiation

42
Q

Stem cells
In animal/plant cells most differentiation occurs in the womb whereas in animal/plant cells differentiation occurs throughout the life

A

Animal then plant

43
Q

Stem cells
What are 4 examples of plant cells which are specialised

A

Root hair cells
Xylem
Phloem
Palisade

44
Q

Stem cells
What are 3 examples of specialised animal cells

A

Nerve cells
Red blood cells
Muscle cells

45
Q

Stem cells
What is differentiation?

A

The process by which cells become specialised

46
Q

Stem cells
What is the potency of the stem cell

A

How much stuff the cell can become

47
Q

Stem cells
What is a pluripotent stem cell

A

A stem cell that can differentiate into any specialised cell type

48
Q

Stem cells
What is a Multipotent stem cell?

A

Stem cell that can differentiate into restricted numbers of specialised cell types

49
Q

Stem cells
What is an example of a Multipotent stem cell?

A

Skin stem cells

50
Q

Stem cells
What is enucleation?

A

When a nucleus is removed and discarded

51
Q

Stem cell
What are specialised cells?

A

Cells which are adapted to perform a specific function

52
Q

Stem cells
Why are the two key stem cells for animals?

A

Embryonic and bone marrow stem cells

53
Q

Stem cells
The embryonic/bone marrow stem cell is pluripotent whereas the embryonic/bone marrow stem cell is Multipotent

A

Embryonic then bone marrow

54
Q

Stem cells
Which type of stem cell is found in the embryo and umbilical cord

A

Embryonic

55
Q

Stem cells
Which type of stem cell is found in bone marrow

A

Bone marrow stem cell

56
Q

Stem cells
Which type of stem cell is found in adults

A

Bone marrow stem cell

57
Q

Stem cells
Which type of stem cell is not found in adults

A

Embryonic

58
Q

Stem cells
What type of specialised cells can bone marrow stem cells differentiate into

A

Blood cells such as White and red blood cells

59
Q

Stem cells
Why are embryonic stem cells useful

A

They differentiate into different specialised cells for the development of the foetus

60
Q

Stem cells
What is the main stem cell found in plants

A

Meristem

61
Q

Stem cells
Is meristem pluripotent or Multipotent

A

Pluripotent

62
Q

Stem cells
True or false: the meristem cells do not exist throughout the plants life

A

False

63
Q

Stem cells
Where are meristem cells found

A

Tips of roots and shoots

64
Q

Stem cells
How do you cut a plant to reproduce it (3 steps)

A

Cut plant
Dip in rooting powder (regrowth hormone)
Plant it

65
Q

Stem cells
What is the method for the use of embryonic stem cells in medical treatment called?

A

Therapeutic cloning

66
Q

Stem cells
What is the first stage of therapeutic cloning

A

Fertilised human egg is enucleated

67
Q

Stem cells
What is the second step in the method for therapeutic cloning

A

Cell is taken from patient and nucleus is removed (not enucleated as nucleus is not discarded)

68
Q

Stem cells
What is the third stage of therapeutic cloning

A

Patients nucleus is implanted into enucleated cell

69
Q

Stem cells
What are the 4th and 5th stages of therapeutic cloning

A

Cell is stimulated to divide and forms an embryo
Cells are separated to be cultured and developed into different tissues

70
Q

Stem cells
Give 2 ethical concerns with the use of embryonic stem cells in medical treatment

A

Destroys a potential human life
Embryo could have rights not to be medically tampered with

71
Q

Stem cells
What are 2 scientific concerns with the use of embryonic stem cells in medical treatment?

A

Process could transfer infection
Process could cause cancer in patient

72
Q

Stem cells
What are three arguments for the use of embryonic stem cells in medical treatment

A

Can cure disease
Better not to waste (readily available)
Painless

73
Q

Stem cells
What are two diseases which can be cured using embryonic stem cell treatment (therapeutic cloning)

A

Diabetes and paralysis

74
Q

Stem cells
How is bone marrow extracted from donors

A

Needle sucks bone marrow from pelvic bone

75
Q

Stem cells
What is one problem with the donation of bone marrow stem cells

A

Patient must have exact tissue match to donor and there is currently a shortage

76
Q

Stem cells
What are the three risks of bone marrow stem cell treatment

A

Could be rejected
Patient may depend on immunosuppressants for the rest of their lives
Infection could be transferred

77
Q

Stem cells
What is one disease which can be treated with bone marrow stem cells

A

Leukaemia (survival rate 70%)

78
Q

Stem cells
What are orders of magnitude

A

A logarithmic scale of measurement base 10 (that isn’t gcse definition)
Eg 300mm is 10 to the power 2 times bigger than 3 mm so is 2 orders of magnitude larger

79
Q

Osmosis
What is osmosis

A

The net movement of water from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration, through a partially permeable membrane

80
Q

Osmosis
Is osmosis a passive or active process

A

Passive

81
Q

Osmosis
Is higher water concentration a dilute solution or a concentrated solution?

A

Dilute

82
Q

Osmosis
Pure (distilled) water has the highest/lowest water concentration

A

Highest

83
Q

Osmosis
The cytoplasm has a low/high water concentration because it has low/high amount of solutes

A

Low then high

84
Q

Osmosis
If osmosis causes water to enter and animal cell that cell will….

A

Burst

85
Q

Osmosis
If osmosis causes water to leave an animal cell it will

A

Shrink

86
Q

Osmosis
If osmosis causes a plant cell to gain water it will become….

A

Turgid

87
Q

Osmosis
If osmosis causes water to leave an animal cell it will…

A

Be flaccid

88
Q

Osmosis
What does an isotonic solution mean?

A

The concentration of the cell and solution surrounding are equal (there will be no net osmosis)

89
Q

Microscopy
What is microscopy

A

Investigation using a microscope

90
Q

Microscopy
What is magnification

A

How many times bigger the image is compared to the real object

91
Q

Microscopy
What is resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish between two points

GCSE Biology Revision (10 decks)

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