B3 - Organisation & the digestive system 1️⃣✅ Flashcards
What are the 4 levels of organisation in living organisms?
Cells - tissues - organs - organ systems and organisms
What is a tissue?
A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to preform a specific function
What is an organ?
An organ is a group of different tissues that work together to preform a certain function
What is an organ system?
An organ system is a group of organs working together to preform one or more functions
What is a organism?
When organ systems work together, to form a organism
What happens when you breathe in air?
The air goes,
Into the body through the mouth and nose
Down the trachea
Into the bronchi
Through the bronchioles
Into the alveoli and then the oxygen diffuses into the blood into the network of capillaries over the surface of the alveoli
What is the circulatory system?
The system that circulates/ pumps
What is blood?
Blood is a tissue made up of four main components
What are the 4 main components of blood?
Red blood cells, plasma, platelets, white blood cells
What do red blood cells do?
Bind to oxygen & transport it around the body
What does plasma do?
Hold all the comopnents of blood together
What does the liver do?
Produce bile
What does bile do?
Bile is alkaline to neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach, it also emulsifies fat to form small fat droplets
Where is bile stored?
The gal bladder
What is the function of the pancreas in terms of enzyme production?
The pancreas makes enzymes such as amylase, lipase, and protease
What is the function of the oesophagus ?
To carry food to the stomach
What is the function of the small intestine?
To absorb digested food into the blood
What is the function of the large intestine?
To absorb water and vitamins into the blood
What are the functions of the stomach?
To churn food, release proteins and to release hydrochloric acid to kill pathogens
What is an enzyme?
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts.they are made of chains of amino acids & fold into unique shapes
What is a catalyst?
A catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up
What happens if a reaction gets too hot?
The bonds holding the enzyme together break, this changes the shape of the enzymes active site, so the substrate wouldn’t he able to fit anymore. lf this happens the enzyme is said to be denatured
What do proteases do?
Proteases convert proteins into amino acids
Where is protease made?
Protease is made in 3 different places,
The pancreas
The stomach
And the small intestine
What does lipase do?
Lipase converts lipids into fatty acids
Where is lipase made?
Lipase is made in 2 places,
The pancreas
And the small intestine
What does carbohydrase do?
carbohydrase converts carbohydrates into maltose via the amalayse enzyme
Where is carbohydrase produced?
Carbohydrase is made in 3 places,
The pancreas
The small intestine
And the salivary glans
How do you test for starch?
Iodine tests for starch, the yellow/red iodine solutions turns blue-black if starch is present and stays yellow/red if starch is not present
How do you test for sugars?
Benedict’s tests for sugars, the blue Benedict’s solution turns brick red if sugars are present and stays blue if they are not
How do you test for proteins?
Biuret tests for proteins, the pale blue biuret turns purple if proteins are present and remains pale hive if there is no proteins present
How do you test for lipids?
Ethanol is used to test for lipids, the clear ethanol forms a milky white layer if lipids are present but remains clear if they aren’t
