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GCSE Biology AQA > B1 - Cell structure and transport 1️⃣✅ > Flashcards

B1 - Cell structure and transport 1️⃣✅ Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the equation to calculate the magnification of an image? I AM

A

magnification = image size / actual size

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2
Q

What does the word magnify mean?

A

Magnify means making an object bigger so its easier to see

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3
Q

What does the word resolution mean?

A

Resolution is the degree in clarity of the object you are looking at, If a microscope has a high resolution, you would be able to see the specimen very clearly and in high detail

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4
Q

What are 2 types of eukaryotic cells?

A

Animal and Plant cells

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5
Q

What type of cell are bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic

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6
Q

Where is DNA found in plant and animal cells?

A

The nucleus

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7
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

To control the movement of substances in and out of the cell

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8
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of respiration to transfer energy for the cell (Releases energy during respiration

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9
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

To absorb light required for photosynthesis

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10
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

To produce proteins (protein synthesis)

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11
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

To strengthen and support the cell

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12
Q

What is the structure of the main genetic information in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Single loop of DNA

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13
Q

How are electron microscopes different to light microscopes?

A

Electron microscopes use beams of electrons instead of light, they cannot be used to view living samples, they are much more expensive, and have a much higher magnification and resolution

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14
Q

What is the function of the red blood cell?

A

To carry/ deliver oxygen around the body

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15
Q

Give three adaptations of the red blood cell

A

no, nucleus, contains a red pigment called haemoglobin, and has a bi-concave (curves inwards on both sides) shape

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16
Q

What is the function of a palisade cell?

A

To carry out photosynthesis in a leaf

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17
Q

Give two adaptations of a palisade cell?

A

lots of chloroplasts ,located at the top surface of the leaf to maximise light intake

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18
Q

What is the equation for the total magnification

A

total magnification = objective lens magnification x eyepiece lens magnification

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19
Q

1 kilometre km = ?meters

A

100 meters m

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20
Q

1m = ?cm

A

100 centimetres cm

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21
Q

1cm = ? mm

A

10 millimetres mm

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22
Q

1mm = ? μm

A

1000 micrometres μm

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23
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Stores genetic information and controls the activities of the cell

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24
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Liquid gel where chemical reactions take place

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25
Q

In what cell is the permanent vacuole present?

A

Plant cell

26
Q

What is the permanent vacuole?

A

A cell organelle that contains cell sap

27
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the net movement of particles for an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down the concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached

28
Q

Name three factors that affect the rate of diffusion

A

The concentration gradient (the steeper the gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion) , the temperature (higher temp = higher rate of diffusion) and the surface area of the membrane ( larger SA = higher rate)

29
Q

How are the lungs adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

alveoli - large surface area
one cell thick membranes - short diffusion pathway
good blood supply - maintains a steep concentration gradient and therefore the faster the molecules will diffuse

30
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water molocules form a dilute solution (high concentration) to a concentrated solution (low concentration) across a partially permeable membrane until equilibrium is reached

31
Q

What does equilibrium mean?

A

When all things are equal e.g. no difference in concentration

32
Q

Give one example of osmosis in a plant.

A

When water moves from the soil into the root hair cell.

33
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of particles against a concentration gradient, from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution using energy from respiration

34
Q

What is the movement of particles during diffusion?

A

Particles move down the concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

35
Q

What is the movement of particles during active transport?

A

Particles move against the concentration gradient from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

36
Q

Out of diffusion, osmosis and active transport what ones are passive/ active and why?

A

Diffusion & Osmosis - passive because they go down the concentration gradient

Active transport - active because it goes against the concentration gradient and has to use energy to do so ( it uses energy from respiration)

37
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

A partially permeable membrane is just a membrane with very small holes in/ that only allows small molocules like oxygen, urea, water, mineral ions & glucose through

38
Q

What are the adaptations of a sperm cell?

A
  • Streamlined shape and tail for swimming
  • Lots of mitochondira to maximise energy release from respiration to swim fast
39
Q

What are the adaptations of a root hair cell?

A
  • Lots of mitochondira to release energy for the active transport of mineral ions from the soil
  • Large surface area to speed up absorbtion of mineral ions from soil
40
Q

What does a root hair cell do?

A

Absorb mineral ions and water from the soil

41
Q

What are the examples of when diffusion takes place?

A
  • Humans - urea diffuses from cells into the blood for excretion, oxgygen diffuses from the air in alveloli to the bloodstream & diffusion of nutrients in small intestine into capilaries through the villi
  • Plants - C02 for photosynthesis diffuses into leaves through stomata, 02 diffuses out
  • Fish - gas exchange with oxgygen diffusing into the blood from gill fillaments
42
Q

What are the examples of where osmosis takes place?

A
  • Plants - water moves by osmosis from dilute solution in soil to concentrated solution in root hair cell
43
Q

What are examples of where active transport takes place?

A

Humans - sugar concentration in small intestine absorbed into the blood when higher
Plants - Used to absorb mineral ions into root hair cells from more dilute solutions in soil

44
Q

What do the villi do?

A

Absorb nutrients in the small intestine

45
Q

What adaptations do the villi have?

A
  • Good network of capilaries for constant blood supply
  • one cell thick
  • large surface area
46
Q

In terms of diffusion, why is it good to have a network of capilaries and therefore a constant, strong blood supply?

A

Because the more constant the blood supply, the steeper the concentration gradient and therefore the quicker molocules will diffuse (maximises diffusion rates)

47
Q

Label this plant cell

A
48
Q

Label this animal cell

A
49
Q

Label this microscope

A
50
Q

What cells have a cell wall?

A

A plant cell and a bacterial cell, not an animal cell

51
Q

What cells have plasmids?

A

Only bacterial cells

52
Q

What cells have a cell membrane?

A

Animal, Plant & Bacterial cells

53
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Controlls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

54
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

Made of cellulose, it strengthens the cell

55
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

When an external solution has a lower solute concentration and a higher water concentration compared to the cytoplasm of the cell

56
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

When an external solution has a higher solute concentration and a lower water concentration compared to the cell cytoplasm

57
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

When an external solution has the same solute concentration and the same water concentration compared to the cell cytoplasm (equilibrium) therefore no difference in concentration so no gradient and no osmosis

58
Q

What is a turgid cell?

A

A cell that has gotten bigger/ water moved inside

59
Q

What is a flaccid cell?

A

A cell that has shrivelled up and gotten smaller as water has moved out

60
Q

What happens to the rate of osmosis when temp increase?

A

Rate of osmosis will increase as water molecules will have more kinetic energy

61
Q

What will happen to the rate of osmosis of the temperature is too high?

A

The selectively permeable cell membrane would be destroyed - if destroyed no difference in concentration as no membrane

GCSE Biology AQA (16 decks)

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