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GCSE Biology AQA > B2 - Cell division 1️⃣✅ > Flashcards

B2 - Cell division 1️⃣✅ Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a undifferentiated cell?

A

Cells or tissues that do not have specialised/ mature structures or functions

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2
Q

What is gene?

A

A small packet of information that controls a characteristic of your body

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3
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Chromosomes carry the genes that contain the instructions for making new cells

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4
Q

How many chromosomes do you have in your body?

A

46 chromosomes and 23 pairs

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5
Q

What is a differentiated cell?

A

A cell that has been specialised to preform a specific function

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6
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A undifferentiated cell that can differentiate into one or more specialised cell types

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7
Q

What are adult stem cells?

A

Stems cells from adults that can differentiate inro certain specialised cells

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8
Q

Where are adult stem cells found?

A

Bone marrow

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9
Q

What are embryotic stem cells?

A

Stem cells found in embryos that can differentiate into any type of specialised cell

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10
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells found?

A

Early human embryos

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11
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

It is using cells from an adult to produce a cloned early embryo of themselves

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12
Q

Give one advantage to using therapeutic cloning

A

Stem cells from the embryo are not rejected when transplanted because they are the same genes as the patient

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13
Q

Give one advantage to using adult stem cells

A

Few ethical issues because it is obtained from adults who consent to their use

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14
Q

Give a disadvantages to using adult stem cells

A

They can only differentiate into certain specialised cells so cant treat as many diseases

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15
Q

Give 2 advantages to using embryonic stem cells

A

They can differentiate into any type of specialised cell so can treat all diseases and are easy to obtain as they are found in spare embryos in fertility clinics

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16
Q

Give 2 disadvantages to using embryonic stem cells

A

There are ethical issues as every embryo is a possible human life and they can transmit viral infections

17
Q

What are plant meristems?

A

An area where rapid cell division occurs in root tips and shoot tips

18
Q

In what part of a root tip does DNA replication take place?

A

The root cap

19
Q

In what part of a root tip does mitosis take place?

A

The zone of cell division

20
Q

In what part of a root tip does elongation take place?

A

The zone of elongation

21
Q

In what part of a root tip does differentiation take place?

A

The zone of maturation

22
Q

Give 2 advantages of using plant meristems to clone plants

A

Rare plant species can be cloned to preserve them as a species and plants with special qualities such as immunity to disease can be cloned to produce many copies

23
Q

Give 1 disadvantage of using plant meristems to clone plants

A

There is no genetic variation so one disease could wipe out an entire crop

24
Q

What is cell division by mitosis?

A

When body cells divide to form 2 identical daughter cells

25
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

Growth and repair of cells - asexual reproduction

26
Q

What is the 1st stage of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

27
Q

What happens during the 1st stage of the cell cycle?

A

Cells grow bigger, chromosomes duplicate and the number of sub-cellular structures increases (mitochondria & ribosomes)

28
Q

What is the second stage of the cell cycle?

A

Mitosis

29
Q

What happens during the second stage of the cell cycle?

A

During mitosis one set of chromosomes are pulled to either side of the nucleus and the nucleus divides

30
Q

What is the 3rd stage of the cell cycle?

A

Cytokinesis

31
Q

What happens during the 3rd stage of the cell cycle?

A

The cell cytoplasm and cell membrane divide, forming 2 identical daughter cells

32
Q

What is a daughter cell?

A

Genetically identical cells formed when a cell undergoes division by mitosis

33
Q

Where on a root/shoot would DNA replication take place?

A

The root/shoot cap

34
Q

Where on a root/shoot would cell division take place?

A

The zone of cell division

35
Q

Where on a root/shoot would elongation take place?

A

The zone of elongation

36
Q

Where on root/shoot would differentiation take place?

A

The zone of maturation

GCSE Biology AQA (16 decks)

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