B3 Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell that can differentiate into one or more specialised cell types

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2
Q

What are adult stem cells?

A

Stem cells from adult bone marrow that can only differentiate into certain specialises cells

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3
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

Stem cells from early embryos that can differentiate into any specialised cell

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4
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

It is when the patient’s cells are used to create an early embryo clone of themselves- stem cells from the embryo can then be used to treat the patient’s medical condition

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5
Q

Give an advantage of therapeutic cloning

A

The stem cells from the embryo are not rejected when transplanted because they have the same genes as the patient

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6
Q

Give an advantage of using adult stem cells

A

There are fewer ethical issues because the adults can consent to their use

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7
Q

Give two disadvantages of using adult stem cells

A

It can take a long time for a suitable donor to be found
Can only differentiate into some specialised cell types, so it can only treat fewer diseases

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8
Q

Give two advantages of using embryonic stem cells

A

Can differentiate into any specialised cell
Easier to obtain as they are found in spare embryos from fertility clinics

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9
Q

Give two disadvantages of using embryonic stem cells

A

Ethical issues surrounding their use, as every embryo is a potential life
Potential risks involved with treatments, such as transfer of viral infections

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10
Q

What are plant meristems?

A

An area where rapid cell division occurs in the tips of roots and shoots

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11
Q

Give two advantages of using plant meristems to clone plants

A

Rare species can be cloned to prevent extinction
Plants with special features such as disease resistance can be cloned to produce many copies of

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12
Q

Give one disadvantage of using plant meristems to clone plants

A

No genetic variation, so for example an entire cloned crop could be destroyed by a disease

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13
Q

What is cell division by mitosis?

A

When the body cells divide to form two identical daughter cells

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14
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

For the growth and repair of cells, asexual reproduction

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15
Q

What happens during the first stage of the cell cycle?

A

The cell grows bigger, chromosomes duplicate, number of sub cellular for example ribosomes and mitochondria increases

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16
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A

One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides

17
Q

What happens during the third stage of the cell cycle?

A

The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide, forming two identical daughter cells

18
Q

What happens during the second stage of the cell cycle?

A

A complete set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell
The nucleus divides to form two nuclei

19
Q

What is variation?

A

Variation is the presence of differences between living things

20
Q

Where does variation occur?

A

Variation occurs between organisms of the same species(like humans) and also between different species

21
Q

What is environmental variation?

A

A variation due to the environment

22
Q

Provide examples of environmental variation

A

Scars
Tattoos
A sun tan

23
Q

Define gene

A

A length of DNA that codes for a protein

24
Q

Examples of genes?

A

Hair colour
Eye colour

25
Q

What is inherited variation?

A

Variation due to the genes

26
Q

Examples of inherited variation

A

Ur blood type
Eye colour
dimples

27
Q

What are the male sex chromosomes?

A

XY

28
Q

What are the female sex chromosomes?

A

XX

29
Q

What name to we give to a short segment of DNA?

A

Genes

30
Q

What do genes code for?

A

Characteristics

31
Q

What causes cancer?

A

Uncontrolled cell growth

32
Q

What types of cells does chemotherapy target?

A

Fast growing cells