B2.3 Cell specialization Flashcards
What is cell specialization?
The process where cells develop specific structures and functions to perform particular tasks.
Where do all specialized cells originate from?
Stem cells
What is differentiation?
The process by which a cell changes to become specialized.
How do cells differentiate?
Different genes are activated to produce specific proteins, leading to different structures and functions.
What are some examples of cells that have adapted for their role?
Red blood cells, muscle cells, nerve cells (neurons), root hair cells (plants), palisade mesophyll cells.
What is the role of a red blood cell?
To transport oxygen around the body.
How is the red blood cell adapted to perform its task?
No nucleus (more space for haemoglobin), bioconcave shape (to increase surface area).
What is the role of a muscle cell?
Contraction for movement.
How has the muscle cell adapted for its role?
Many mitochondria (for energy), long fibers (for contraction).
How has the nerve cell adapted to perform its function?
Long extensions (axons) for fast signal transmission, myelin sheath for insulation.
What is the role of the nerve cell (neuron)?
To transmit electrical signals.
What is the role of the root hair cell?
To absorb water and minerals.
How has the root hair cell adapted for its function?
Long projections (increase surface area), thin walls (efficient absorption)
What is the role of the palisade mesophyll cell?
Photosynthesis
How has the palisade mesophyll cell adapted to perform its function?
Many chloroplasts (to maximize light absorption)
What are the two types of stem cell called?
Embryonic stem cell, adult stem cell
______ can become any cell type (pluripotent). What is missing?
Embryonic stem cells.
________ are limited to certain cell types. What is missing?
Adult stem cells.
