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T-Level Health Yr 1 > B2- Further Science Concepts (Anatomy and Physiology) > Flashcards

B2- Further Science Concepts (Anatomy and Physiology) Flashcards

1
Q

Which two structures does the trachea lead to in the lungs?

A

The bronchi and bronchioles

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2
Q

What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs called?

A

Alveoli

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3
Q

When we inhale, what happens to the pressure in the thorax?

A

It decreases as we inhale

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4
Q

What happens during gas exchange in the lungs?

A

Oxygen passes into the blood and carbon dioxide passes out of the blood

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5
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when we exhale?

A

The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward

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6
Q

What happens when we inhale?

A

The external intercostal muscles contract and the ribcage is pulled upwards and outwards

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7
Q

What makes the alveoli efficient at gas exchange?

A

Thin walls to maximise diffusion

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8
Q

During exercise, what happens to breathing in humans?

A

Breathing rate and depth increase

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9
Q

Tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide. What problem does this cause?

A

The carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin in the red blood cells, reducing the ability of the blood to carry oxygen. Can lead to suffocation

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10
Q

What is gaseous exchange?

A

The delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream, and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs.

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11
Q

What are the respiratory gases?

A

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

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12
Q

Why do we need to obtain oxygen?

A

Need oxygen to produce ATP

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13
Q

Why do we need to remove carbon dioxide?

A

To prevent the toxic effect it has on the body taking place.

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14
Q

What is Fick’s Law of Diffusion?

A

The rate of diffusion across a surface area is proportional to the concentration gradient

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15
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process through which cells convert sugars into energy (ATP)

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16
Q

What is the name of the high-energy molecule used by cells?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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17
Q

How is the energy we need to live provided?

A

Carbohydrates and fats in our diet

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18
Q

Where is glucose broken down in cells?

A

Cytoplasm and mitochondria

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19
Q

How is the rest of the energy not released as heat after glucose is broken down used?

A

Trapped by a Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

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20
Q

What happens after the energy from glucose is trapped by ADP?

A

It uses the energy to become Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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21
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transportation

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22
Q

How big is the heart?

A

Size of a fist

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23
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

The space between the lungs where the heart lives

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24
Q

What is the apex of the heart?

A

The pointed end of the heart that rests on the diaphragm

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25
Q

What is the base of the heart?

A

The top part of the heart that is broad

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26
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

The double walled sac that the heart sits in and contains serous fluid between three layers to prevent friction

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27
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium/pericardium

Myocardium

Endocardium

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28
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

innermost layer of the heart

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29
Q

How many hollow chambers does the heart have?

A

Four

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30
Q

What are the atria?

A

The receiving chambers, blood comes into the heart

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31
Q

What is the interatrial septum?

A

Wall that separates right and left atria

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32
Q

Which side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the veins?

A

Right side

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33
Q

What is the Vena Cava?

A

A large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart from the body

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34
Q

What are the pulmonary arteries?

A

Carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

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35
Q

What is the pulmonary vein?

A

A vein carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

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36
Q

What is the aorta?

A

Largest artery in the body

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37
Q

How many valves are within the heart?

A

four

Tricuspid
Pulmonary
Mitral
Aortic

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38
Q

What is the purpose of the valves?

A

Prevent backflow of blood

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39
Q

Why are the walls of the atria thicker?

A

They carry high pressure

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40
Q

What are the arteries?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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41
Q

What are the arterioles?

A

Smallest arteries that connect to capillaries

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42
Q

What is a capillary bed?

A

Network of capillaries in an area of tissue

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43
Q

What are veins?

A

Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards your heart and are often located close to your skin

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44
Q

Why are the walls of arteries thicker than veins?

A

They are constantly changing pressure

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45
Q

What are the renal arteries?

A

large branches of the aorta carrying blood to the kidneys

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46
Q

What major role the kidneys play in the cardiovascular system?

A

Regulate blood pressure

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47
Q

How does temperature affect blood pressure?

A

Cold has a vasoconstricting effect while heat has a vasodilating effect

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48
Q

How do chemicals affect blood pressure?

A

Drugs, alcohol, nicotine can increase blood pressure causing vasoconstriction

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49
Q

How does diet affect blood pressure?

A

Foods low in salt and sodium can help prevent hypertension

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50
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

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51
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • Transport
  • Protection from infection
  • Clotting
  • Maintenance of pH
  • Regulating body temperature
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52
Q

What are the components of the endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, ovaries, testes, pancreas

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53
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

The production of specific hormones and hormone regulation.

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54
Q

What is the pancreas’ role in blood glucose regulation?

A

When blood sugar is too high, the pancreas secretes more insulin.

When blood sugar levels drop, the pancreas releases glucagon to raise them

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55
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers of the endocrine system that are released into the blood.

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56
Q

What are protein hormones?

A

A class of hormones that cannot pass through the cell membrane; less likely to be stored in the body.

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57
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

A class of hormones that can pass through the cell membrane; can be stored in the body.

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58
Q

What is hypersecretion?

A

Excessive hormone production

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59
Q

What is hyposecretion?

A

Insufficient hormone secretion

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60
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

Controls the secretion of hormones in the body. Controls the pituitary gland

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61
Q

What is the role of the pituitary gland?

A

Sends signals to other glands and organs in the endocrine system to release hormones.

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62
Q

What is the role of the thyroid gland?

A

Regulates cell metabolism

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63
Q

What is the role of the parathyroid?

A

Regulates calcium in the body.

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64
Q

What is the role of the Adrenal Glands?

A

Regulates metabolism, blood pressure, response to stress and produces adrenaline.

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65
Q

What is the role of the Ovaries in the endocrine system?

A

Produces estrogen and progesterone

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66
Q

What is the role of the testes in the endocrine system?

A

Produces testosterone

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67
Q

What is the role of the pancreas?

A

Sends out hormones that control the amount of sugar in your bloodstream.

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68
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Regulates metabolism

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69
Q

What does cortisone do?

A

Mobilises nutrients, modifies body’s response to inflammation

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70
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Oestrogen increases the thickness of the womb. It also causes a spike in LH and inhibits the release of FSH.

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71
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Influences sperm cell development and also produces the male secondary sex characteristics.

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72
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

Stimulates acid secretion

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73
Q

What does growth hormone do?

A

Causes body tissue growth by several different mechanisms.

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74
Q

What is FSH?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

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75
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Facilitates reabsorption of water in nephron of kidney

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76
Q

What is LH?

A

Luteinising hormone

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77
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Increases uterine contractions during pregnancy and causes milk to be ejected

78
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline?

A
  • Increase in heart rate to increase blood supply to muscles
  • Dilation of blood vessels inside muscles to increase oxygen/glucose supply
  • Triggers breakdown of lipids to produce fatty acids and glycerol.
  • The fatty acids are respired to provide muscles with energy (ATP)
  • Triggers breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver/muscles. This glucose in respired to provide the muscle with energy.
79
Q

What is the role of the antidiuretic hormone in urine production?

A

Causes the kidney to release less water and therefore produce less urine.

80
Q

What are the components of the respiratory system?

A

Lungs, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, bronchioles, ribs, intercostal muscles and diaphragm.

81
Q

How are the components of the respiratory organised?

A

Mouth

Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli

Diaphragm

82
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

Supplies body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide by breathing.

83
Q

How does gaseous exchange occur?

A

Diffusion through alveoli

84
Q

What is the role of the ciliated epithelial cells?

A

Moving particles or fluid over the surface

85
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary surfactant?

A

It reduces surface tension at the alveolar membrane and thereby helps prevent alveolar collapse

86
Q

Where does gaseous exchange occur?

A

Across the respiratory membrane in the alveolar duct and in the millions of alveoli

87
Q

How can breathing rate be increased or decreased?

A
  • Strenuous activity

- Slow breathing/controlled breathing

88
Q

What are the nasal turbinates?

A

Passageways from the nostrils to the lungs

89
Q

What are the nasal sinuses?

A

Frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid

90
Q

What is the nasal passages?

A

The uppermost part of the respiratory system.

91
Q

What is the oropharyngeal?

A

The middle part of the pharynx behind the mouth.

92
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

A flap that flips down to cover the entry to the trachea during swallowing

93
Q

What are the components of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system, Peripheral nervous system

94
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

95
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

96
Q

What is the structure of the mammalian motor neurone?

A

Dendrites, cell body, nucleus, axon, myelin sheath, axon endings/terminals and synaptic ends

97
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

Controls and coordinates body activities

98
Q

What is the role of PNS?

A

Carries messages to and from the CNS

99
Q

How does the CNS gather information?

A

From the body senses

100
Q

What are the body senses?

A

Pressure

Temperature

Sounds

Light

Touch

Pain

Taste

101
Q

What are the components of the musculoskeletal system?

A

Bones

Tissues

Muscles

Tendons

Ligaments

Soft tissue

102
Q

What is a synarthroses joint?

A

An immovable joint

103
Q

What is an amphiarthrosis joint?

A

Semi-movable joints

104
Q

What is a diarthrosis joint?

A

Freely movable joint

105
Q

What is the function of the musculoskeletal system?

A

To supply the body, protect organs and allow the body to move.

106
Q

What is the musculoskeletal system in relation to movement

A

Contracting and pulling the bones to allow movement

107
Q

Describe the sliding filament theory

A

Thick and thin filaments sliding over one another to bring about contraction and relaxation; working in their antagonist pairs.

108
Q

What are the components of the digestive system?

A

Mouth

Oesophagus

Stomach

Pancreas

Liver

Duodenum

Ileum

Colon

Salivary glands

Gallbladder

109
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system?

A

Breakdown of food by chemical and mechanical digestion

Absorption process

110
Q

What is the role of salivary amylase?

A

An enzyme that begins starch digestion in the mouth

111
Q

What is the role of pancreatic amylase?

A

Breaks down starch to maltose

112
Q

What is the role of pancreatic lactase?

A

Breaks down lactose into Glucose and Galactose

113
Q

What is the role of pancreatic sucrase?

A

Breaks down sucrose into Glucose and Fructose

114
Q

What is the role of pancreatic protease?

A

Breaks down proteins into amino acids

115
Q

What is the role of pancreatic lipase?

A

Breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

116
Q

What is the role of microorganisms in the digestive system?

A

Bacteria breaks down some substances in food that cannot be digested, such as fibre and some starches and sugars.

Bacteria produce enzymes that digest carbohydrates in plant cell walls.

117
Q

What are the major products of digestion?

A

Carbohydrates are digested and converted into monosaccharides like glucose.

Proteins are finally broken down into amino acids.

The fats are converted to fatty acids and glycerol.

118
Q

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Arteries

Capillaries

Venules

Veins

Mammalian heart

Tricuspid

Bicuspid

Semilunar valves

119
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

120
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

Blood cells that play a major role in blood clotting

121
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

122
Q

What are leucocytes?

A

White blood cells

123
Q

What is the function of the Cardiovascular system?

A

Facilitates the circulation of blood to transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones and blood cells.

124
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

One complete heartbeat

125
Q

What effect does a pressure change have on the heart?

A

High blood pressure forces the heart to work harder to pump blood to the rest of the body

Low blood pressure can deprive your body of enough oxygen to carry out its function, leading to damage to your heart and brain.

126
Q

How is heart rate controlled?

A

Heart rate is controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium which act as a pacemaker. They release waves of electrical activity which cause the heart muscle to contract.

127
Q

What are the blood groups?

A

A, B, AB, O, Rh

128
Q

What are the functions of the male reproductive system?

A

produce, maintain and transport sperm and semen

129
Q

Function of the female reproductive system?

A

Producing eggs and hormones, maintaining a pregnancy and facilitating childbirth.

130
Q

What are the components of the female reproductive system?

A

ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, accessory glands, and external genital organs.

131
Q

What are the components of the male reproductive system?

A

the external genitals (the penis, testes and the scrotum) and internal parts, including the prostate gland, vas deferens and urethra

132
Q

What are the components of the renal system?

A

Kidney

Nephron

Ureter

Bladder

Urethra

133
Q

What is the function of the renal system?

A

Removal of waste products from the body

Processes of urine production

134
Q

What is the renal systems role in osmoregulation?

A

The renal system alters water retention and thirst to slowly change blood volume and keep blood pressure in a normal range.

135
Q

What is the role of the renal system in homeostasis?

A

Regulation of electrolyte balance

136
Q

What are the components of the integumentary system?

A

Skin, Hair, Nails, Exocrine glands

137
Q

What is the function of the integumentary system?

A

Temperature regulation, vitamin D synthesis, Protection, Cutaneous sensation, excretion

138
Q

What are the normal expected ranges for blood pressure in an adult?

A

Systolic mm/hg: 90-120

Diastolic mm/hg: 60-80

139
Q

What are the normal expected ranges for heart rate in an adult?

140
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate for an adult?

A

at rest 12-20 breaths per minute

141
Q

What is the normal expected temperature for an adult?

A

36-37.5ºC

142
Q

How do you identify physiological measurements that fall out of the normal range?

A

Regular recording of physiological measurements.

Use of equipment/checks to regularly monitor that the measurements are within range.

143
Q

What factors contribute to measurements outside of normal parameters?

A

Age

Weight

Exercise

Gender

Overall health

144
Q

How is blood pressure recorded?

A

Measure blood pressure using a blood pressure monitor or sphygmomanometer and stethoscope

145
Q

How is pulse measured and recorded?

A

Measure the rate at which an individual’s heart beats using a oximeter

Measure the rate at which an individual’s heart beats by checking their radial pulse, using 2 fingers placed on the wrist and fob watch to count beats per minute.

146
Q

How is in individuals temperature measured?

A

Measure temperature using a clinical thermometer

147
Q

How do you recognise physiological deterioration?

A

Check change in vital signs using patient observations record

148
Q

How do you measure respiratory rate?

A

Counting breaths per minute using a fob watch

149
Q

How does homeostasis contribute to maintaining a healthy body?

A

Maintains stability and function of the physiological systems and cells when there are changes to internal and external conditions that would otherwise prevent enzymes from functioning normally.

150
Q

What is the impact of a failure of homeostasis?

A

Cells work incorrectly resulting in possible toxicity or deficiency

151
Q

What are the different classification systems?

A

Topographic

Anatomic

Physiological

152
Q

What is the purpose of different classification systems?

A

Provide a common language for reporting and monitoring.

Allows the sharing and comparing of data.

Allows rates and frequency of disease to be assessed.

Supports the development of possible treatment.

153
Q

What is topographic classification?

A

By bodily region or system

154
Q

What is anatomical classification?

A

By organ or tissue

155
Q

What is physiological classification?

A

By function or effect

156
Q

Define injury

A

Damage to the body caused by external force

157
Q

Describe the process in the proliferation phase

A

Growth of new tissue, replaces old tissue, soft tissue repair, early stages contract wound and create scar tissue, the wound is then remodelled to increase tensile strength, maturation stage then begins to fade the scar and increase textile strength.

158
Q

Define trauma

A

An injury that has the potential to cause disability or death.

159
Q

What is the body’s involuntary inflammatory response to pain?

A

Increased blood flow

Increased metabolic rate

Redness

Pain

Swelling

160
Q

What is meant by epidemiology?

A

Study and analysis of the distribution and patterns in populations and why they occur

161
Q

Give examples of specific terminology used in epidemiology

A

Incidents

Prevalence

Mortality

Morbidity

162
Q

How is epidemiology used to provide information to plan and evaluate strategies to prevent disease?

A

Identify the cause of the disease

Determine the extent of the disease

Identify trends and patterns of the incident and frequency of the disease

Study the progression of disease

Plan and evaluate preventative and therapeutic measures for disease or conditions.

Develop public health policy and preventative measures

163
Q

How does health promotion help to prevent the spread of disease?

A

Communication:
Raising awareness of required behaviours through a range of mediums

Policy and systems:
Systematic change to procedures, regulations or law to enforce required behaviour

Education programmes:
Improving knowledge and empowering individuals to adapt own behaviour.

Health promotion for specific disease and disorders:

Targeted awareness raiding and campaigns.

164
Q

CACHE question - Anatomy & Physiology

‘Cellular respiration occurs within each cell of the body’. Describe the process of cellular respiration (3 Marks)

A
  • O2 diffuses across the alveoli by the process of gaseous exchange and travels to cells and tissues.
  • Nutrients absorbed in small intestines are released in cellular respiration
  • Simple sugars are broken down either in the cytoplasm or mitochondria
  • Some energy released as heat –> the rest released as ATP
165
Q

‘Dementia is a mental health disorder only, not a physical condition.’ True or false?

166
Q

Is dementia a natural part of ageing?

167
Q

Which body system do the heart and blood vessels belong to ?

A

Cardiovascular system

168
Q

Which body system is involved in breathing?

A

Respiratory system

169
Q

Diabetes is a disease of which body system?

A

Endocrine system

170
Q

Name 2 structures of the nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs

171
Q

What does anatomy refer to ?

A

Anatomy refers to the structures of the body

172
Q

What does physiology refer to?

A

Physiology refers to the functions of the body

173
Q

What is an organelle?

A

Organelles are the microscopic structures that are found inside a cell

174
Q

CACHE Question Anatomy & Physiology

‘Blood has an important role in cellular respiration.’ Describe 2 ways that blood assists cellular respiration for healthy bodily function (4 Marks)

A
  • Supplies and removes gases

supplies oxygen

removes carbon dioxide

  • Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Blood capillaries provide easy access to diffuse into cells.
  • Makes sure no waste product is left behind (carbon dioxide)
  • Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to become oxyhemoglobin for that journey
  • Carbon dioxide combines with haemoglobin to become carboxyhemoglobin
175
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Where glucose is changed into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy. Oxygen is required for this process.

176
Q

Where does cellular respiration take place?

A

The mitochondria of organelles

177
Q

Describe the process of cellular respiration

A

Glucose is broken down into simpler components and the energy holding the molecule together is released.

178
Q

When we have a vaccine, which body system helps to develop immunity to that virus?

A

Immune system

179
Q

What does homeostasis mean?

A

The healthy maintenance

and regulation of the body that allows cells, tissues and organisms and functions.

180
Q

How many chambers make up the heart?

181
Q

Name the chambers of the heart

A

left + right atrium, left + right ventricle

182
Q

What separates the atrial chambers?

A

Interatrial septum

183
Q

What are cilia?

A

Hair - like organelles that are on the surface of the airway and move microbes and debris

184
Q

How many phases does pulmonary ventilation have?

A

2 phases

Inspiration/inhalation

Expiration/expiration

185
Q

what cavity are the lungs enclosed in?

A

Thoracic/chest

186
Q

what is the role of the phrenic nerve in breathing?

A

The phrenic nerve plays a key role in breathing or respiration. It causes your diaphragm to contract and expand, giving your lungs ability to inhale and exhale air.

187
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Largest amount of air we can breathe out in one expiration

188
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Tidal volume is the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle.

189
Q

Stages of wound healing

A
  1. Inflammatory/haemostasis (initial)
    - immediate phase, lasts about 3 days
    - increased blood supply and phagocytosis by diapedesis (delivers oxygen, wbcs, and nutrient to the wound to support healing)
    - control bleeding for clot formation
  2. Proliferative (granulation)
    - second phase
    - fibroblasts synthesize collagen
    - formation of granulation tissue
  3. Maturation and Remodeling
    - continued granulation and strengthening of tissue
    - scar formation
190
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

Regulation of body temperature

191
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a stable internal environment

192
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

when an antibiotic has lost its ability to effectively control or kill bacterial growth

T-Level Health Yr 1 (17 decks)

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