B2- Further Science Concepts (Anatomy and Physiology) Flashcards
Which two structures does the trachea lead to in the lungs?
The bronchi and bronchioles
What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs called?
Alveoli
When we inhale, what happens to the pressure in the thorax?
It decreases as we inhale
What happens during gas exchange in the lungs?
Oxygen passes into the blood and carbon dioxide passes out of the blood
What happens to the diaphragm when we exhale?
The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward
What happens when we inhale?
The external intercostal muscles contract and the ribcage is pulled upwards and outwards
What makes the alveoli efficient at gas exchange?
Thin walls to maximise diffusion
During exercise, what happens to breathing in humans?
Breathing rate and depth increase
Tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide. What problem does this cause?
The carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin in the red blood cells, reducing the ability of the blood to carry oxygen. Can lead to suffocation
What is gaseous exchange?
The delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream, and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs.
What are the respiratory gases?
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Why do we need to obtain oxygen?
Need oxygen to produce ATP
Why do we need to remove carbon dioxide?
To prevent the toxic effect it has on the body taking place.
What is Fick’s Law of Diffusion?
The rate of diffusion across a surface area is proportional to the concentration gradient
What is cellular respiration?
The process through which cells convert sugars into energy (ATP)
What is the name of the high-energy molecule used by cells?
Adenosine triphosphate
How is the energy we need to live provided?
Carbohydrates and fats in our diet
Where is glucose broken down in cells?
Cytoplasm and mitochondria
How is the rest of the energy not released as heat after glucose is broken down used?
Trapped by a Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
What happens after the energy from glucose is trapped by ADP?
It uses the energy to become Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
Transportation
How big is the heart?
Size of a fist
What is the mediastinum?
The space between the lungs where the heart lives
What is the apex of the heart?
The pointed end of the heart that rests on the diaphragm
What is the base of the heart?
The top part of the heart that is broad
What is the pericardium?
The double walled sac that the heart sits in and contains serous fluid between three layers to prevent friction
What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?
Epicardium/pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
What is the endocardium?
innermost layer of the heart
How many hollow chambers does the heart have?
Four
What are the atria?
The receiving chambers, blood comes into the heart
What is the interatrial septum?
Wall that separates right and left atria
Which side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the veins?
Right side
What is the Vena Cava?
A large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart from the body
What are the pulmonary arteries?
Carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
What is the pulmonary vein?
A vein carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
What is the aorta?
Largest artery in the body
How many valves are within the heart?
four
Tricuspid
Pulmonary
Mitral
Aortic
What is the purpose of the valves?
Prevent backflow of blood
Why are the walls of the atria thicker?
They carry high pressure
What are the arteries?
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
What are the arterioles?
Smallest arteries that connect to capillaries
What is a capillary bed?
Network of capillaries in an area of tissue
What are veins?
Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards your heart and are often located close to your skin
Why are the walls of arteries thicker than veins?
They are constantly changing pressure
What are the renal arteries?
large branches of the aorta carrying blood to the kidneys
What major role the kidneys play in the cardiovascular system?
Regulate blood pressure
How does temperature affect blood pressure?
Cold has a vasoconstricting effect while heat has a vasodilating effect
How do chemicals affect blood pressure?
Drugs, alcohol, nicotine can increase blood pressure causing vasoconstriction
How does diet affect blood pressure?
Foods low in salt and sodium can help prevent hypertension
What are the components of blood?
plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
What are the functions of blood?
- Transport
- Protection from infection
- Clotting
- Maintenance of pH
- Regulating body temperature
What are the components of the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, ovaries, testes, pancreas
What is the function of the endocrine system?
The production of specific hormones and hormone regulation.
What is the pancreas’ role in blood glucose regulation?
When blood sugar is too high, the pancreas secretes more insulin.
When blood sugar levels drop, the pancreas releases glucagon to raise them
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers of the endocrine system that are released into the blood.
What are protein hormones?
A class of hormones that cannot pass through the cell membrane; less likely to be stored in the body.
What are steroid hormones?
A class of hormones that can pass through the cell membrane; can be stored in the body.
What is hypersecretion?
Excessive hormone production
What is hyposecretion?
Insufficient hormone secretion
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
Controls the secretion of hormones in the body. Controls the pituitary gland
What is the role of the pituitary gland?
Sends signals to other glands and organs in the endocrine system to release hormones.
What is the role of the thyroid gland?
Regulates cell metabolism
What is the role of the parathyroid?
Regulates calcium in the body.
What is the role of the Adrenal Glands?
Regulates metabolism, blood pressure, response to stress and produces adrenaline.
What is the role of the Ovaries in the endocrine system?
Produces estrogen and progesterone
What is the role of the testes in the endocrine system?
Produces testosterone
What is the role of the pancreas?
Sends out hormones that control the amount of sugar in your bloodstream.
What does thyroxine do?
Regulates metabolism
What does cortisone do?
Mobilises nutrients, modifies body’s response to inflammation
What does oestrogen do?
Oestrogen increases the thickness of the womb. It also causes a spike in LH and inhibits the release of FSH.
What does testosterone do?
Influences sperm cell development and also produces the male secondary sex characteristics.
What does gastrin do?
Stimulates acid secretion
What does growth hormone do?
Causes body tissue growth by several different mechanisms.
What is FSH?
Follicle-stimulating hormone
What does ADH do?
Facilitates reabsorption of water in nephron of kidney
What is LH?
Luteinising hormone