B1- Core Science Concepts (Biology) Flashcards
What are the 3 principles of cell theory?
All living things are made up of one cell or more.
Cells are the most basic unit of structure and function in all living things
All cells are created by pre-existing cells
What types of cells make up living organisms?
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
List the structures found within a eukaryotic cell
Cell-surface membrane
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes
- Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi aparatus and Golgi vesicles
- Centrioles
- Lysosomes
- Chloroplasts
- Cell wall
- Cell vacuole
What is the function of a cell-surface membrane?
- regulates the transportation of materials into and out of the cell
- involved in cell recognition and signalling
- separates cell components/contents from the outside environment
- contains cell organelles
What is the function of the nucleus?
Contains the cell’s genetic material
What is the function of the mitochondria?
Cellular respiration
What is the function of the ribosomes?
Protein synthesis takes place here
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Produces protein
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Produces and stores protein
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
The golgi apparatus receives vesicles from smooth ER modifies them and repackages them into vesicles for distribution
What is the function of the golgi vesicles?
Stores lipids and proteins made by the golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cells
What is the function of the centrioles?
Organises microtubules that serve as the cell’s skeletal system
What is the function of the lysosomes?
- Break down materials and waste
- Host defense (destruction of bacteria by white blood cells)
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Site of photosynthesis
What is the function of a cell wall?
To protect and support the cell
What is the function of a cell vacuole?
Helps to maintain pressure inside the cell and keep the cell rigid.
What are the similarities between plant and animal cells?
Overall cell shape
Presence of same organelles
Presence of different organelles for special functions (e.g. chloroplasts)
What are the differences between plant and animal cells?
Presence of different organelles
How do eukaryotic cells become specialised?
Differentiation from stem cells
Why are eukaryotic cells specialised?
To perform particular functions
How do prokaryotic cells differ to eukaryotic cells?
- They have cytoplasms that lack membrane-bound organelles
- They have smaller ribosomes
- No nucleus
- Cell wall that contains glycoprotein
- Have one or more plasmids
- Capsule surrounding the cell
- May have one or more simple flagella.
What are proteins made of?
Amino acid monomers
they contain NH2 which is the amine group, COOH represents a carboxyl group and R the side chain
How many amino acids are there?
Twenty (20)
What is the R group?
The variable group
How are dipeptides formed?
Condensation reaction of 2 amino acids
How are polypeptides formed?
Condensation of many amino acids
What are some functions of proteins?
functional proteins
Fibrous proteins
Globular proteins
What are carbohydrates made of?
Monosaccharides
What are the common monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose, galactose
How are disaccharides formed?
Two monosaccharides link together
How are polysaccharides formed?
Many monosaccharides linking in a chain
they are insoluble –> storage and support functions
What are lipids made of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
making them insoluble
What is the main group of lipids?
Triglycerides and phospholipids