B14 Variation and evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

allele

A

different form of the same gene

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2
Q

phenotype

A

set of observable characteristics of an individual

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3
Q

why does speciation happen

A

result of evolution
mutations create new alleles and two populations diverge
average phenotypes diverge so much they no longer produce fertile offspring

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4
Q

survival of fittest

A

individual w better suited genes/adaptation to environment will survive and produce offspring
most likely to breed successfully
better adapted characteristics more likely to be passed on to next generation

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5
Q

evolution

A

gradual change of inherited characteristics of biological populations over time

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6
Q

selective breeding

A

promotes genetic characteristics seen as desirable
choose + breed parents which strongly display desired characteristic
choose and breed offspring which most strongly show desired characteristic
repeat process until all offspring show desired characteristic

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7
Q

selective breeding in crops

A

disease resistance increase yield
flowers based on visual criteria eg. size or colour
animals that produce most meat/milk for yield

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8
Q

disadvantages of selective breeding

A

lead to inbreeding- susceptible to disease or defects
reduces variation so its harder to adapt to environmental change

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9
Q

genetic engineering

A

modifying an organism’s genome by introducing a gene from another organism to produce a desired characteristic

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10
Q

GE process

A

enzymes used to ‘cut’ desired gene out of chromosome
enzyme used to cut vector
vector used to insert gene into required cell
all cells in developed organism will have gene and show characteristic

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11
Q

uses of GM

A

treat type 1 diabetes by mass producing insulin
GM crops resistant to disease,insects or herbicides produce larger better fruits
sheep have had genomes modified so their milk contains drugs used to treat human diseases

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12
Q

advantages of GM

A

prevent inherited diseases
improve food production efficiency
increase crop yields
better nutritional value

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13
Q

disadvantages of GM

A

reduce biodiversity
long term effect on human health unknown
genes could escape into natural environment
some view it as unethical to create new life forms

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