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Biology > B11 > Flashcards

B11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

The endocrine system (hormonal) is made up of glands that releases chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream.

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2
Q

Thyroid

A

Controls metabolic rate of the body

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3
Q

Pancreas

A

Controls blood glucose levels

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4
Q

Pituitary

A

Controls growth in children

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5
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Prepares the ‘floght or fight’ response

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6
Q

What does insulin do

A

allows glucose to move from the blood into the cells and to be stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

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7
Q

WhT does glucagon do

A

glycogen to be converted back into glucose and released into the blood.

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8
Q

Glucose

A

The sugar used in respiration

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9
Q

Glycogen

A

A storage carbohydrate found in the liver and muscles

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10
Q

Glucagon

A

A hormone that stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose

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11
Q

When there is high blood glucose…

A

Insulin released from pancreas
Glucose moves from blood into liver and muscle cells
Insulin makes liver turn glucose into glycogen for storage

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12
Q

Testes

A

Produces testostrone which controls sperm production and puberty

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13
Q

Ovaries

A

Produces oestrogen which is involved in menstrual cycle

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14
Q

Dif between nerves and hormones

A

Hormones have slow action and act for a long time in a more general way

Nerves have fast action and act for a short time in a precise area

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15
Q

When there is too little glucose….

A

Glucagon is released by pancreas
Glucose released into blood by liver
Glucagon makes liver turn glycogen into glucose

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16
Q

Explain type 1 diabetes

A

Where the pancreas produces little or no insulin - menas too much glucose

Treatment - insulin injections, diet (less carbs), regular exercise

17
Q

Explain type 2 diabetes

A

Where a person becomes resistant to their own insulin - causes glucose levels to rise too high

Treatment - carb controlled diet and regular exercise

Risk factor - OBESITY

18
Q

Four stages of menstrual cycle

A

Day 1-4 lining of uterus breaks down
Day 4-14 lining of the uterus builds up
Day 14 egg released
Day 14-28 lining of uterus is maintained

19
Q

Four hormones that control the menstrual cycle (and where they’re produced from)

A

FSH - pituitary gland
LH - pituitary gland
Oestrogen - ovaries
Progesterone - ovaries by the remains of the follicle after ovulation (day 14)

20
Q

FSH

A

Causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries in a follicle

Stimulates ovaries to make oestrogen

21
Q

LH

A

Stimulates release of egg

22
Q

Oestrogen

A

Causes lining of uterus to grow

Stimulates release of LH

And inhibits release of FSH

23
Q

Progesterone

A

Maintains the lining of the uterus during the SECOND HALF
When progesterone falls, lining breaks down
Inhibits the release of FSH and LH

24
Q

How can oestrogen reduce fertility

A

If its taken everyday to keep the level of it permanently high it inhibits the production of FSH and after a while egg development and production will stop .

25
Q

How does progesterone reduce fertility

A

Produces thick mucus to stop the sperm reaching the egg

26
Q

Name two forms of contraception of reduce fertility by releasing oestrogen

A

Contraceptive pill

Patch

27
Q

What is the role of FSH and LH during IVF

A

They stimulate several eggs to mature

28
Q

Give one drawback to using hormones to inc fertility

A

Doesn’t always work
Expensive
Unexpected multiple pregnancies, as too many eggs can be stimulated

29
Q

IVF

A

Collecting eggs from woman’s ovaries and fertilising them in a lab using the man’s sperm

30
Q

Pros and cons of IVF

A

Success rate is low and it’s seen as unethical

Fertility treatment can give an infertile couple a child

31
Q

Describe the response if the level of thyroxine in the blood gets too high

A

Secretion of TSH is stopped (pituitary gland)

Reduces the amount of thyroxine released from the thyroid, therefore lowering the level of thyroxine in the blood

32
Q

Explain what causes plant shoots to grow towards light

A

More auxin accumulates on the shaded side
Causes it to elongate faster
So shoot bends towards the light

33
Q

Give one way gibberellin can be used commercially

A

To stimulate seed germination

To control dormancy - grow all year round

To stimulate flowering - flower without any change in env

To grow larger fruit

34
Q

Give one way auxin can be used commercially

A

Killing weeds - disrupts their growing pattern - leaves grass

Growing from cuttings with rooting powder

Growing cells in tissue culture - stimulates cells to divide to form roots and shoots

35
Q

Which plant hormone is responsible for fruit ripening

A

Ethene - stimulates enzymes that cause fruit to ripen

Biology (11 decks)

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