B: Signal Transduction and ECM (17)

Question 1

How is active transport used for Na and K

Answer 1

Uses energy molecules to rapidly traffic sodium and potassium

Need to have pump active to reestablish gradient of action potential

Question 2

What are compounds that bind to integral membrane proteins called

Answer 2

Compound that binds specifically to integral membrane protein is called an active transporter

Question 3

How does active transport work

Answer 3

Change in the conformation of the transporter caused by the hydrolysis of an ATP molecule allows molecules to be released to the other side

Requires energy in the form of ATP

Question 4

What are the 4 types of transmembrane proteins

Answer 4

Transporter
Receptor
Enzyme
Anchor

Question 5

What is signal transduction

Answer 5

Process by which cell communicates with the outside

Question 6

How do membrane proteins affect signal transduction

Answer 6

Membrane proteins plays a major role in signal transduction by converting an extracellular signal to intracellular signals

Question 7

Why is signal transduction important

Answer 7

Growing, dividing, surviving, moving all based off signal transduction

Question 8

What is ligand? What does it do?

Answer 8

Ligand - small molecule that binds to receptor

Ligand binding changes confirmation of the receptor protein
Ligand does not go in the cell, binds for small amount of time then gets released

Question 9

What are the 3 stages of signal transduction

Answer 9

1. Signaling protein
2. Signal transduction
3. Cellular Response

Question 10

Explain the first stage of signal transduction: Signaling protein

Answer 10

Signaling Protein: Binding of ligand to receptor or mechanical pressure

Question 11

Explain the second stage of signal transduction: Signal transduction

Answer 11

Signal transduction: via second messengers like cAMP, calcium or G-Protein or (mechanical pressure causing change in shape)

Question 12

Explain the third stage of signal transduction: Cellular Response

Answer 12

Cellular response: this can be many steps long

Cellular growth, cell division, store glucose molecule as glycogen

Question 13

What is glycogenolysis

Answer 13

Process of tapping into stored glucose molecule to rapidly create ATP molecule

Question 14

What activates the conversion of glucose

Answer 14

Epinephrine (AKA adrenaline) activates conversion of glucose (signal)

Question 15

What is the ECM

Answer 15

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Question 16

Explain a 2D representation of glycogen molecules

Answer 16

2D representation of glycogen molecule - core has glycogenin protein surrounded by branches of glucose units

Question 17

What is the structure of the ECM

Answer 17

ECM is gel-like substance outside of cells, allowing them to anchor cells into space

Question 18

What anchors into the ECM

Answer 18

Major components are proteins like collagen and glycoproteins

Question 19

Define: proteoglycans

Answer 19

Proteoglycans = proteins with chains of polypeptides

Question 20

What are the functions of the ECM (4)

Answer 20

1. Cell adherence
2. Communication between cells
3. Cell shape, mechanical support, structural integrity
4. Serves of barrier, filters out some particles

Question 21

How does the ECM cause wrinkles?

Answer 21

ECM abundant in connective issues

Moving creates damages to elastin (ecstatic) fibers, these keep skin stretched in tight structures

Overtime, replaced with proteins that are less elastic (wrinkles)

Question 22

What is the version of the ECM in non-animal cells

Answer 22

In bacteria, plants, fungi there is a cell wall

Rigid bacteria that protects cell from outside and gives its shape

Question 23

What are the differences in DNA storage between chloroplasts and mitochondria

Answer 23

None, Chloroplasts and mitochondria have DNA within them

Question 24

Explain: Endosymbiotic Theory

Answer 24

Evolutionary theory of origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cell – infolding of plasma membrane with nuclease forming — integration of bacteria and archaea — ancestral eukaryote

Question 25

Define: symbiosis

Answer 25

Symbiosis: close and long-term biological interaction