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BIOL 1090 > B: Apoptosis, Endomembranes (18) > Flashcards

B: Apoptosis, Endomembranes (18) Flashcards

1
Q

What is apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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2
Q

Is apoptosis “normal”

A

Yes, it is a Normal process that involves death of cells in a coordinated sequence of events

Part of an organism’s growth or development

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3
Q

Give an example of apoptosis

A

Ex. interdigital cell death leads to regression of soft tissue between embryonic digits in many variable

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4
Q

Give an example of a mutation affecting apoptosis

A

Ex. Bone morphogenetic protein (bmp)

Bmp is a secreted protein that binds to Bmp receptors (BmpRs)
Expression of non-active BmpRs in chicken embryonic hind limbs greatly reduced integral apoptosis and result in webbed feet

Mutant disrupts apoptosis

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5
Q

Is apoptosis used in plants, if yes, how so?

A

Yes, it plays a role in the growth of plants

Plant uses programmed cell death to generate holes in leaves

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6
Q

What 6 things is apoptosis categorized by

A
  1. Shrinkage of cell
  2. Blebbing (bulge or protrusion) of plasma membrane
  3. Fragmentation of DNA and nucleus
  4. Loss of attachment to other cells
  5. Engulfment of phagocytosis
  6. Different enzymes become activated and start chewing things down
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7
Q

What initiates apoptosis

A

Initiated by intracellular stimuli like genetic damage, hypoxia, virus

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8
Q

What causes apoptosis after the initiation factors

A

Release of apoptotic mitochondrial proteins commits the cell to apoptosis

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9
Q

What are capsizes

A

Family of endoproteases that provide critical links in cell regulatory networks, controlling inflammation and cell death

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10
Q

What are the role of capsizes (5)

A
  1. Release of cytochrome c and nuclear fragmentation during apoptosis
  2. Disrupts cell adhesion
  3. Destroys lamins (nuclear filaments)
  4. Breaks down cytoskeleton
  5. Activated DNase (genome breakdown)
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11
Q

How is cancer related to apoptosis

A

Cancer: too little apoptosis occurs, riesling in malignant cells that won’t die

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12
Q

How is Alzheimers related to apoptosis

A

Alzheimers and parkinsons disease: too much apoptosis, causing degenerative diseases

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13
Q

What is EM bio

A

Endomembrane biology

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14
Q

What did early EM focus on

A

Early EM (endomembrane) biology, focused on:
- cytoplasm
- membrane bound organelles
- vesicles

+ extensive network of membranous canals and stacks of sacs (cisternae)

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15
Q

What are the components of the endomembrane (5)

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Endosomal transport vesicles
Golgi complex
Lysosomes
Vacuoles

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16
Q

Explain the process of secreated protiens in the EM

A

Synthesized in rough ER
Processed in ER
Further processed in golgi

Concentrated in vesicles
Delivered to plasma membrane for secretion

17
Q

What is GFP

A

green fluorescent protein (GFP)

18
Q

How can GFP be used to track well components

A
  • The green fluorescent protein (GFP) from Jellyfish can be fused with other cellular proteins
  • The cellular:GFP fusion protein can be visualized under a microscope
  • Observation of the fusion protein provides info about endogenous protein (eg. where it is localized in the cell or organism)
19
Q

How are materials transported between compartments in: Vesicular Transport/Trafficking

A

Transport of material between compartments

Organelle - plasma membrane (and vise versa)
Organelle to organelle

20
Q

How are transport vesicles utilzed in: Vesicular Transport/Trafficking

A

Small, spherical, membrane enclosed organelles that bud off donor compartments and fuse with acceptor or recipient compartment

21
Q

How is targeted movement directed in: Vesicular Transport/Trafficking

A

Targeted movement (directed)

Uses cytoskeleton and motor proteins
Sorting signals recognized by receptors

22
Q

What are the 4 components of vesicle trafficking to a compartment

A
  1. Approach
  2. Vesicle tethering
  3. Snare assembly
  4. Fusion
23
Q

Explain the first component of vesicle trafficking: approach

A

Movement of vesicle - uses cytoskeleton and motor proteins, can be anterograde or retrograde

Antero = forward, retro= backward

24
Q

Explain the second component of vesicle trafficking: vesicle tethering

A

Tethering vesicles to target compartment - via proteins from Rab family of protein and others more specialized

25
Q

Explain the third component of vesicle trafficking: SNARE assembaly

A

Docking of vesicles to target compartment - uses protein called SNAREs. SNARE assembly provides energy for fusion

26
Q

Explain the forth component of vesicle trafficking: fusion

A

Fusion of vesicles and target membranes

BIOL 1090 (19 decks)

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