B:7 Ecology Paper 2 Flashcards
Write a Definition of Habitat and Communities?
- A Habitat is the place where an organism lives.
- A Community is all the population of different species Living together in a habitat.
Write a Definition of Population and Ecosystem?
- Population is all the organisms of one species in a habitat.
- A Ecosystem is The Interaction of the Biotic and abiotic elements.
Write a Definition of Interdependence and Niche?
- Interdependence is how species rely on each other for survival.
- Niche is the role that an organism plays in its habitat.
Write a Definition of Competition?
- Competition is How Organisms fight for resources in their Environments.
Name 3 Things animals Compete for and Name 4 Things Plants Compete for?
- Animals Compete for Food,Mates and Territory.
- Plants compete for light,water,space and mineral ions.
What Would Happen if if 1 Part of a Ecosystem was Removed?
- The Other Species Would die Because they need each other to survive
Write a Definition of Stable Community?
- A Stable community is a Community where all species and environmental factors are in balance This Means that the Population sizes stay about the same.
Write a Definition of a Abiotic Factor and Give 4 Example of Abiotic Factors?
- Abiotic Factors is Physical non-living element of an ecosystem.
- For Example
- 1) Soil PH
- 2) Light Intensity
- 3) Moisture Level
- 4) Temperature
What Can Happen if Abiotic Factors increase or Decrease?
- If abiotic factors increase or decrease it can affect the size of population in a community.
Write a Definition of Biotic and What If biotic factors change what would be affected?
- Biotic is the living elements of an ecosystem.
- If biotic Factors change it could affect the population size of some species.
Name 4 Things That Biotic Factors include?
- 1) Competition
- 2) New Predators
- 3) Availability for food
- 4) New pathogens
How Can Competition affect Biotic Factors and Write a Example?
- One Species may Outcompete another so that numbers are too low to breed.
- For Example:
- red and grey squirrels live in the same habitat and eat the same food.
- Grey squirrels outcompete the red squirrels for food and shelter.
- So the population of red squirrels decrease.
Write a Definition of Outcompete?
- Outcompete means there better at getting the resources they need to survive.
How Can New Predators affect Biotic Factors?
- A New Predator could cause a decrease in the prey population.
How can Availability for food affect Biotic Factors?
- If there is Less food available the population size will decrease.
How can New Pathogens affect Biotic factors?
- A new Pathogen could Quickly decrease the population of an affected species.
Write a Definition of an Adaptation?
- A Adaptation is a feature that helps an organism to survive in condition of its natural environment.
What’s The Acronym to Remember the 3 different types of adaptation?
- S - Strucal
- B - Behavioural
- F - Functional
Write a Definition of Structural Adaptation?
- Structural Adaptation is a Feature of an organism body structure that helps it survive in its environment.
Name 3 Adaptations for Camels and explain how it helps them survive in the dessert?
- 1) Long Eyelashes stop sand and dust going into the samels eyes.
- 2) Large Feet to stop them sinking into the sand.
- 3) A Hump full of fat can provide a source of energy and the fat can be converted into water to help it survive.
Name 3 Adaptations That Arctic Animals Have?
- 1) Thick Layer of Fur And Being Round - Helps Incubate Heat.
- 2) Camofolge Structure - Most artic animals are white to camofolge with the surroundings to eat prey.
- 3) Thin Skinned Area Like Ears- Helps Reduce heat loss.
Write a Definition of Behavioural Adaptation and Give a Example?
- Behaviour Adaptation is a way in which an organism behaves that helps it to survive in its environment.
- For Example:Swallows migrate to warmer climates during the winter so they avoid the problems of living in cold conditions.
Write a Definition of Functional Adaptation and Give a Example?
- Functional Adaptation is something that goes inside an organism’s body which helps it survive in its environment.
- For Example:Desert animals make sure they don’t lose too much water so they produce a little bit of sweat and small amount of urine.
Write a Definition of Extremophiles and Give 1 Example of an Animal?
- An Extremophile is an organism that’s adapted to live in serious extreme conditions.
- For Example: tardigrade
How are Feeding Relationships Presented as?
- They are Presented as Food Webb’s and Food Chains.
Write a Definition of Herbivore and Give 2 Examples?
- Herbivore is a Animal that eats plants.
- For Example:Cows and Rabbits
Write a Definition of Carnivore and Give 2 Example?
- Carnivores are animals that eat other animals.
- For Example:Lions and Tigers.
Write a Definition of an Omnivores and Give 2 Example?
- Omnivores Are Animals that eat other animals and plants.
- For Example:Bears and Humans
Write a Definition of Prey and Predator?
- Prey is an animal that is hunted and killed by another animal for food.
- Predator is an animal that hurts and kills other animals for food.
Write a Definition of a Producer and Give a Example of a Producer?
- A Producer is an Organism at the start of a food chain that makes its own food energy from the sun.
- For Example: Plants are Producers.
(______________) Is Passed Along a Food chain when an organism eats another organism.
- Biomass
Write a Definition of a Primary consumer and give a example of a primary consumer?
- A Primary Consumer is an Organism in a food chain that feed on a producer.
- For Example:Rabits
Write a Definition of a Secondary Consumer and Give a Example?
- A Secondary consumer is an Organism in the food chain that eats a primary consumer.
- For Example:Foxes
Write a Definition of Tertiary Consumer and Give a Example?
- Tertiary Consumer is an organism in a food chain that eats a secondary consumer.
- For Example:Killer Whale.
What’s The right Order for the Food Chain?
- 1) Producers.
- 2) Primary Consumers.
- 3) Secondary Consumers.
- 4) Tertiary Consumers.
Why are Food Chains only usually 3 or 4 tropical levels?
- Because the Energy Gets Lost.
What Would Happens if the Primary,Secondary and Tertiary consumers all died due to diseases?
- The Top Predator will decrease Because there is a lack of food.
- Then the Producer would grow faster and would grow bigger.
What Do Population Prey cycle show?
- Population Prey cycles show the population of both species that cycle up and down.
- But the change in the predator Population is always Likes behind the prey
What Happens If The Population of The Predator Decreases and explain why?
- The Population of prey will increase because there are less predators to eat them.
What Happens if there are too much prey and explain why?
- If there are too much prey then the Predator population increase.
- This is because there are lots food for the predators to eat.
What Happens if there are Too much Predators and explain why and what problem does it cause?
- If there are Too much Predators then the population of the prey starts to decline.
- This is because the Prey are suddenly is being eaten.
- the problem it Causes is that there are fewer preys for the predators to eat and the predators population declines and will allow the prey population to rise.
What is the Main Point of Predator Prey cycles
- The Main point of predator prey cycle is that it takes a long time for entire populations to increase or decreases.
Write a Definition of Distribution and Abundance and state if its systematic or random sampling?
- Distribution is where an organism is found - (Systematic Sampling).
- Abundance is how many organisms there are in an area - (Random Sampling).
What does Random Sampling Method Include?
- Quadrats (0.25) and random coordinates to find a abundance.
In 4 Steps how do you in the abundance of daisies using random sampling method (PRACTICAL)?
- 1) Collect a Quadrat (0.25 m²), Trundle Wheel and a Tape Measure.
- 2) Generate 20 Random Coordinates.
- 3) Drop The quadrat and count how many daises’ there is.
- 4) Use the trundle wheel to calculate the school field area.
Write a Definition of a Quadrat?
- A Quadrat is a square frame enclosing a known area it is used to study the abundance of organisms.
Write a Definition of a Transect?
- Transact is a Line which can be used to study the distribution of an organism across an area.
Name 3 Pieces of equipment to investigate how light intensity affects the distribution of daisies on the school field (Systematic Sampling)?
- 1) Light Meter.
- 2) Transect.
- 3) Quadrat.
Why is It Known as Systematic Sampling and not Random sampling?
- Because you take Reading every so often at regular points.
In 4 Steps how do you set up a transect line and how do you collect data (PRACTICAL)?
- 1) Collect a Transect up to 10 metres.
- 2) Then put the start of the transects where there is lots of light and the other point where their is less light using a light meter.
- 3) Then you need a quadrat and you place it on the 1 meter.
- 4) You have to use the light meter to count see where there is a lot of light and how many daises are growing in that area.
Write a Definition of Trampling?
- Tampling is when people step over Plants and those plants stop growing there due to trmapling.
Why should you do the practical again and again?
- Because to Make your Data bias and fair.
Write a Definition of Bias?
- Bias is unfairness in the way data is presented possibly because the present is trying to make a picturuclar point.
What does the Earth do and What does this lead to?
- The Earth Recycles Molecules like water and carbon.
- This Leads to atoms being used over and over again.
In 4 Steps How does the Water Cycle work?
- 1) Energy from the sun Makes water evaporate from land and sea this turns the water into water vapour.
- 2) Water also evaporate from plants this process is called transpiration.
- 3) The warm water vapour is carried upwards. When it gets higher up the water vapour cools and it condenses to form clouds.
- 4) Water falls from the clouds as Precipitation . Precipitation provides fresh water for plants and animals.
What’s the right order for the water cycle?
- 1) Evaporation.
- 2) Transpiration.
- 3) Condensation.
- 4) Precipitation.
How Do Plants Use Water and how is water absorbed and how does it pass to animals?
- Some water is absorbed by the soil and plants take that water into their roots.
- Plants need water for photosynthesis.
- some water becomes part of the plants tissues buts it’s passed to animals when plants are eaten.
Why do Animals Need water and How do Animals return water to the soil?
- Animals need water for the chemical reactions in their body.
- They return water to the soil and atmosphere in their waste Like sweat and urine.
What Happens if water doesn’t get absorbed by the soil and then what happens next?
- if water doesn’t get absorbed by the soil then surface runoff will happen and it will end up into rivers and streams.
- The Water then drains back into the sea and will evaporate all over again.
What do living things do How are these materials then returned to the environment?
- Living things are made of materials they take from the world around them.
- These Materials are Returned to the environment in waste products or when dead organism decay.
How do Materials Decay and how are they recycled?
- Materials decay Because they are Broken down.
- decay puts stuff that plants need to grow back into the soil and they are recycled.
How Many atoms are inside humans?
- 6 Thousand trillion trillion atoms inside humans.
In 6 Steps how does the carbon cycle work?
- 1) Plants take in CO2 from the air during photosynthesis they use this to make glucose which can be used for growth.
- 2) Animals then eats plants and it passes carbon compounds along the food chain.
- 3) Both plants and animals respire and release CO2 Back into the air.
- 4) Plants and Animals eventually die and their fossils are left behind.
- 5) Burning plants.animals Products and Fossils Fuels Releases CO2 back into the air.
- 6) Microorganisms break down animals waste and dead organism they release CO2 through respiration.
Write a Definition of Biodiversity And Species?
- Biodiversity is the Variety of Different species of organism on earth within an ecosystem.
- Species is a group of similar organism that can reproduce to give offspring.
What do Different species do and what does having a high biodiversity mean?
- Different Species can also help keep the conditions in their environment right for each other.
- So having a high Biodiversity means a ecosystem is more stable.
How would human species survive and what’s reducing biodiversity?
- For Human Species to survive its important that a good level of biodiversity is maintained.
- Lots of Human Activities reduce biodiversity.
What do More people need more of to survive and what are people demanding for and what does this lead to?
- More People need more resources to survive.
- people are demanding for a high standard of living.
- This leads to more raw materials and more energy to make things and more resources are being used more quickly than replaced.
What’s the problem when we produce more and what can this lead to?
- When we make more resources we produce lots of waste.
- waste can cause harmful pollution if its not handed properly.
- This leads to pollution killing more animals and plants and reducing biodiversity.
What’s The acronym to remember the 3 things pollution affects?
- L- Law
- A - Air
- W -Water
how can Air be Polluted?
- Smoke and Acidic gases can pollute the air if they released into the atmosphere.
How can Land be Polluted?
- We use Toxic chemicals for farming.
- And we dump a lot of household rubbish in landfill sites.
How can Water be Polluted and what will it affect?
- Sewage and Toxic chemicals from industry can pollute lakes, rivers and oceans.
- Fertilisers used on land can be washed into water.
- This will affect the plants and animals that relay on water for survival.
in 3 Steps describe the Greenhouse Effect?
- 1) CO2 and Methane trap energy from the sun.
- 2) These gases means that not all of the energy is lost into space this helps keep the earth warm.
- 3) These gases are called green house gases and without them the earth would be very cold.
Name 4 Things that could result in global warming and explain each one?
- 1) Flooding - high temperature cause ice to melt and rises sea levels.
- 2) Changes in distubtion of species- global warming causes change in rainfall and temperature in many areas.
- 3) Less Biodiversity - some species may not be able to survive a change in the climate.
- 4) Changes in Migration Patterns - there might be migration patterns for example birds moving north due to north getting warmer.
Write a Definition of deforestation and name 2 reasons why it occurs?
- Deforestation is cutting down trees in a large area.
- To grow crops to make biofuels
- to clear land for farming to provide more food.
Name 3 Problems with Deforestation?
- 1) Less CO2 taken in.
- 2) More CO2 released.
- 3) Less Biodivesity
What are bogs and what happens when plants live in bogs?
- Bogs are areas of land that are acidic and waterlogged.
- Plants that live in bogs don’t fully decay when they die the partly rotten plants build up to form the peat.
What is Stored in the peat and what happens when you destroy the peat bogs and what does this reduce?
- Carbon in the plants is stored in the peat.
- Destroying the bogs reduces the area of the habitat.
- This Reduces the number of animals, plants and microorganism that live there are it reduces biodiversity.
How can Peat bogs help and how do they cause problems
- Peat bogs can be drained and sold to gardeners as compost.
- Also peat bogs can be sold as fuel.
- The problems is that when the peak is drained microorganism break down and resales CO2 and when peat is burned it can also realise CO2.
Human Activities can (_____________________________________) AND Damage (____________________)
- Reduce Biodivsity and ecosystems.
Name 4 Programmes to Minimise the damage to protect ecosystems and biodiversity?
- 1) Breeding programs.
- 2) habitat protection.
- 3) Recycling.
- 4) Government Programmes.
How does Habitats protection help protect ecosystems and biodiversity?
- Protecting and Regenerating rare habitats helps to protect the species that live there.
What do Governments have and what do they also have and what could this help reduce ?
- Governments have rules to reduce deforestation.
- they also have rules to reduce the amount of CO2 released by businesses.
- This could help stop global warming increasing.
How does recycling reduce and how can it protect ecosystems?
- Recycling reduces the amount of waste that gets dumped in landfills.
- This could reduce the amount of land taken over for the landfill so Ecosystems can be left alone.
