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Biology- Combined Science > B:7 Ecology Paper 2 > Flashcards

B:7 Ecology Paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Write a Definition of Habitat and Communities?

A
  • A Habitat is the place where an organism lives.
  • A Community is all the population of different species Living together in a habitat.
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2
Q

Write a Definition of Population and Ecosystem?

A
  • Population is all the organisms of one species in a habitat.
  • A Ecosystem is The Interaction of the Biotic and abiotic elements.
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3
Q

Write a Definition of Interdependence and Niche?

A
  • Interdependence is how species rely on each other for survival.
  • Niche is the role that an organism plays in its habitat.
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4
Q

Write a Definition of Competition?

A
  • Competition is How Organisms fight for resources in their Environments.
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5
Q

Name 3 Things animals Compete for and Name 4 Things Plants Compete for?

A
  • Animals Compete for Food,Mates and Territory.
  • Plants compete for light,water,space and mineral ions.
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6
Q

What Would Happen if if 1 Part of a Ecosystem was Removed?

A
  • The Other Species Would die Because they need each other to survive
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7
Q

Write a Definition of Stable Community?

A
  • A Stable community is a Community where all species and environmental factors are in balance This Means that the Population sizes stay about the same.
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8
Q

Write a Definition of a Abiotic Factor and Give 4 Example of Abiotic Factors?

A
  • Abiotic Factors is Physical non-living element of an ecosystem.
  • For Example
  • 1) Soil PH
  • 2) Light Intensity
  • 3) Moisture Level
  • 4) Temperature
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9
Q

What Can Happen if Abiotic Factors increase or Decrease?

A
  • If abiotic factors increase or decrease it can affect the size of population in a community.
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10
Q

Write a Definition of Biotic and What If biotic factors change what would be affected?

A
  • Biotic is the living elements of an ecosystem.
  • If biotic Factors change it could affect the population size of some species.
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11
Q

Name 4 Things That Biotic Factors include?

A
  • 1) Competition
  • 2) New Predators
  • 3) Availability for food
  • 4) New pathogens
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12
Q

How Can Competition affect Biotic Factors and Write a Example?

A
  • One Species may Outcompete another so that numbers are too low to breed.
  • For Example:
  • red and grey squirrels live in the same habitat and eat the same food.
  • Grey squirrels outcompete the red squirrels for food and shelter.
  • So the population of red squirrels decrease.
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13
Q

Write a Definition of Outcompete?

A
  • Outcompete means there better at getting the resources they need to survive.
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14
Q

How Can New Predators affect Biotic Factors?

A
  • A New Predator could cause a decrease in the prey population.
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15
Q

How can Availability for food affect Biotic Factors?

A
  • If there is Less food available the population size will decrease.
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16
Q

How can New Pathogens affect Biotic factors?

A
  • A new Pathogen could Quickly decrease the population of an affected species.
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17
Q

Write a Definition of an Adaptation?

A
  • A Adaptation is a feature that helps an organism to survive in condition of its natural environment.
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18
Q

What’s The Acronym to Remember the 3 different types of adaptation?

A
  • S - Strucal
  • B - Behavioural
  • F - Functional
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19
Q

Write a Definition of Structural Adaptation?

A
  • Structural Adaptation is a Feature of an organism body structure that helps it survive in its environment.
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20
Q

Name 3 Adaptations for Camels and explain how it helps them survive in the dessert?

A
  • 1) Long Eyelashes stop sand and dust going into the samels eyes.
  • 2) Large Feet to stop them sinking into the sand.
  • 3) A Hump full of fat can provide a source of energy and the fat can be converted into water to help it survive.
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21
Q

Name 3 Adaptations That Arctic Animals Have?

A
  • 1) Thick Layer of Fur And Being Round - Helps Incubate Heat.
  • 2) Camofolge Structure - Most artic animals are white to camofolge with the surroundings to eat prey.
  • 3) Thin Skinned Area Like Ears- Helps Reduce heat loss.
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22
Q

Write a Definition of Behavioural Adaptation and Give a Example?

A
  • Behaviour Adaptation is a way in which an organism behaves that helps it to survive in its environment.
  • For Example:Swallows migrate to warmer climates during the winter so they avoid the problems of living in cold conditions.
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23
Q

Write a Definition of Functional Adaptation and Give a Example?

A
  • Functional Adaptation is something that goes inside an organism’s body which helps it survive in its environment.
  • For Example:Desert animals make sure they don’t lose too much water so they produce a little bit of sweat and small amount of urine.
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24
Q

Write a Definition of Extremophiles and Give 1 Example of an Animal?

A
  • An Extremophile is an organism that’s adapted to live in serious extreme conditions.
  • For Example: tardigrade
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25
Q

How are Feeding Relationships Presented as?

A
  • They are Presented as Food Webb’s and Food Chains.
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26
Q

Write a Definition of Herbivore and Give 2 Examples?

A
  • Herbivore is a Animal that eats plants.
  • For Example:Cows and Rabbits
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27
Q

Write a Definition of Carnivore and Give 2 Example?

A
  • Carnivores are animals that eat other animals.
  • For Example:Lions and Tigers.
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28
Q

Write a Definition of an Omnivores and Give 2 Example?

A
  • Omnivores Are Animals that eat other animals and plants.
  • For Example:Bears and Humans
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29
Q

Write a Definition of Prey and Predator?

A
  • Prey is an animal that is hunted and killed by another animal for food.
  • Predator is an animal that hurts and kills other animals for food.
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30
Q

Write a Definition of a Producer and Give a Example of a Producer?

A
  • A Producer is an Organism at the start of a food chain that makes its own food energy from the sun.
  • For Example: Plants are Producers.
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31
Q

(______________) Is Passed Along a Food chain when an organism eats another organism.

A
  • Biomass
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32
Q

Write a Definition of a Primary consumer and give a example of a primary consumer?

A
  • A Primary Consumer is an Organism in a food chain that feed on a producer.
  • For Example:Rabits
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33
Q

Write a Definition of a Secondary Consumer and Give a Example?

A
  • A Secondary consumer is an Organism in the food chain that eats a primary consumer.
  • For Example:Foxes
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34
Q

Write a Definition of Tertiary Consumer and Give a Example?

A
  • Tertiary Consumer is an organism in a food chain that eats a secondary consumer.
  • For Example:Killer Whale.
35
Q

What’s The right Order for the Food Chain?

A
  • 1) Producers.
  • 2) Primary Consumers.
  • 3) Secondary Consumers.
  • 4) Tertiary Consumers.
36
Q

Why are Food Chains only usually 3 or 4 tropical levels?

A
  • Because the Energy Gets Lost.
37
Q

What Would Happens if the Primary,Secondary and Tertiary consumers all died due to diseases?

A
  • The Top Predator will decrease Because there is a lack of food.
  • Then the Producer would grow faster and would grow bigger.
38
Q

What Do Population Prey cycle show?

A
  • Population Prey cycles show the population of both species that cycle up and down.
  • But the change in the predator Population is always Likes behind the prey
39
Q

What Happens If The Population of The Predator Decreases and explain why?

A
  • The Population of prey will increase because there are less predators to eat them.
40
Q

What Happens if there are too much prey and explain why?

A
  • If there are too much prey then the Predator population increase.
  • This is because there are lots food for the predators to eat.
41
Q

What Happens if there are Too much Predators and explain why and what problem does it cause?

A
  • If there are Too much Predators then the population of the prey starts to decline.
  • This is because the Prey are suddenly is being eaten.
  • the problem it Causes is that there are fewer preys for the predators to eat and the predators population declines and will allow the prey population to rise.
42
Q

What is the Main Point of Predator Prey cycles

A
  • The Main point of predator prey cycle is that it takes a long time for entire populations to increase or decreases.
43
Q

Write a Definition of Distribution and Abundance and state if its systematic or random sampling?

A
  • Distribution is where an organism is found - (Systematic Sampling).
  • Abundance is how many organisms there are in an area - (Random Sampling).
44
Q

What does Random Sampling Method Include?

A
  • Quadrats (0.25) and random coordinates to find a abundance.
45
Q

In 4 Steps how do you in the abundance of daisies using random sampling method (PRACTICAL)?

A
  • 1) Collect a Quadrat (0.25 m²), Trundle Wheel and a Tape Measure.
  • 2) Generate 20 Random Coordinates.
  • 3) Drop The quadrat and count how many daises’ there is.
  • 4) Use the trundle wheel to calculate the school field area.
46
Q

Write a Definition of a Quadrat?

A
  • A Quadrat is a square frame enclosing a known area it is used to study the abundance of organisms.
47
Q

Write a Definition of a Transect?

A
  • Transact is a Line which can be used to study the distribution of an organism across an area.
48
Q

Name 3 Pieces of equipment to investigate how light intensity affects the distribution of daisies on the school field (Systematic Sampling)?

A
  • 1) Light Meter.
  • 2) Transect.
  • 3) Quadrat.
49
Q

Why is It Known as Systematic Sampling and not Random sampling?

A
  • Because you take Reading every so often at regular points.
50
Q

In 4 Steps how do you set up a transect line and how do you collect data (PRACTICAL)?

A
  • 1) Collect a Transect up to 10 metres.
  • 2) Then put the start of the transects where there is lots of light and the other point where their is less light using a light meter.
  • 3) Then you need a quadrat and you place it on the 1 meter.
  • 4) You have to use the light meter to count see where there is a lot of light and how many daises are growing in that area.
51
Q

Write a Definition of Trampling?

A
  • Tampling is when people step over Plants and those plants stop growing there due to trmapling.
52
Q

Why should you do the practical again and again?

A
  • Because to Make your Data bias and fair.
53
Q

Write a Definition of Bias?

A
  • Bias is unfairness in the way data is presented possibly because the present is trying to make a picturuclar point.
54
Q

What does the Earth do and What does this lead to?

A
  • The Earth Recycles Molecules like water and carbon.
  • This Leads to atoms being used over and over again.
55
Q

In 4 Steps How does the Water Cycle work?

A
  • 1) Energy from the sun Makes water evaporate from land and sea this turns the water into water vapour.
  • 2) Water also evaporate from plants this process is called transpiration.
  • 3) The warm water vapour is carried upwards. When it gets higher up the water vapour cools and it condenses to form clouds.
  • 4) Water falls from the clouds as Precipitation . Precipitation provides fresh water for plants and animals.
56
Q

What’s the right order for the water cycle?

A
  • 1) Evaporation.
  • 2) Transpiration.
  • 3) Condensation.
  • 4) Precipitation.
57
Q

How Do Plants Use Water and how is water absorbed and how does it pass to animals?

A
  • Some water is absorbed by the soil and plants take that water into their roots.
  • Plants need water for photosynthesis.
  • some water becomes part of the plants tissues buts it’s passed to animals when plants are eaten.
58
Q

Why do Animals Need water and How do Animals return water to the soil?

A
  • Animals need water for the chemical reactions in their body.
  • They return water to the soil and atmosphere in their waste Like sweat and urine.
59
Q

What Happens if water doesn’t get absorbed by the soil and then what happens next?

A
  • if water doesn’t get absorbed by the soil then surface runoff will happen and it will end up into rivers and streams.
  • The Water then drains back into the sea and will evaporate all over again.
60
Q

What do living things do How are these materials then returned to the environment?

A
  • Living things are made of materials they take from the world around them.
  • These Materials are Returned to the environment in waste products or when dead organism decay.
61
Q

How do Materials Decay and how are they recycled?

A
  • Materials decay Because they are Broken down.
  • decay puts stuff that plants need to grow back into the soil and they are recycled.
62
Q

How Many atoms are inside humans?

A
  • 6 Thousand trillion trillion atoms inside humans.
63
Q

In 6 Steps how does the carbon cycle work?

A
  • 1) Plants take in CO2 from the air during photosynthesis they use this to make glucose which can be used for growth.
  • 2) Animals then eats plants and it passes carbon compounds along the food chain.
  • 3) Both plants and animals respire and release CO2 Back into the air.
  • 4) Plants and Animals eventually die and their fossils are left behind.
  • 5) Burning plants.animals Products and Fossils Fuels Releases CO2 back into the air.
  • 6) Microorganisms break down animals waste and dead organism they release CO2 through respiration.
64
Q

Write a Definition of Biodiversity And Species?

A
  • Biodiversity is the Variety of Different species of organism on earth within an ecosystem.
  • Species is a group of similar organism that can reproduce to give offspring.
65
Q

What do Different species do and what does having a high biodiversity mean?

A
  • Different Species can also help keep the conditions in their environment right for each other.
  • So having a high Biodiversity means a ecosystem is more stable.
66
Q

How would human species survive and what’s reducing biodiversity?

A
  • For Human Species to survive its important that a good level of biodiversity is maintained.
  • Lots of Human Activities reduce biodiversity.
67
Q

What do More people need more of to survive and what are people demanding for and what does this lead to?

A
  • More People need more resources to survive.
  • people are demanding for a high standard of living.
  • This leads to more raw materials and more energy to make things and more resources are being used more quickly than replaced.
68
Q

What’s the problem when we produce more and what can this lead to?

A
  • When we make more resources we produce lots of waste.
  • waste can cause harmful pollution if its not handed properly.
  • This leads to pollution killing more animals and plants and reducing biodiversity.
69
Q

What’s The acronym to remember the 3 things pollution affects?

A
  • L- Law
  • A - Air
  • W -Water
70
Q

how can Air be Polluted?

A
  • Smoke and Acidic gases can pollute the air if they released into the atmosphere.
71
Q

How can Land be Polluted?

A
  • We use Toxic chemicals for farming.
  • And we dump a lot of household rubbish in landfill sites.
72
Q

How can Water be Polluted and what will it affect?

A
  • Sewage and Toxic chemicals from industry can pollute lakes, rivers and oceans.
  • Fertilisers used on land can be washed into water.
  • This will affect the plants and animals that relay on water for survival.
73
Q

in 3 Steps describe the Greenhouse Effect?

A
  • 1) CO2 and Methane trap energy from the sun.
  • 2) These gases means that not all of the energy is lost into space this helps keep the earth warm.
  • 3) These gases are called green house gases and without them the earth would be very cold.
74
Q

Name 4 Things that could result in global warming and explain each one?

A
  • 1) Flooding - high temperature cause ice to melt and rises sea levels.
  • 2) Changes in distubtion of species- global warming causes change in rainfall and temperature in many areas.
  • 3) Less Biodiversity - some species may not be able to survive a change in the climate.
  • 4) Changes in Migration Patterns - there might be migration patterns for example birds moving north due to north getting warmer.
75
Q

Write a Definition of deforestation and name 2 reasons why it occurs?

A
  • Deforestation is cutting down trees in a large area.
  • To grow crops to make biofuels
  • to clear land for farming to provide more food.
76
Q

Name 3 Problems with Deforestation?

A
  • 1) Less CO2 taken in.
  • 2) More CO2 released.
  • 3) Less Biodivesity
77
Q

What are bogs and what happens when plants live in bogs?

A
  • Bogs are areas of land that are acidic and waterlogged.
  • Plants that live in bogs don’t fully decay when they die the partly rotten plants build up to form the peat.
78
Q

What is Stored in the peat and what happens when you destroy the peat bogs and what does this reduce?

A
  • Carbon in the plants is stored in the peat.
  • Destroying the bogs reduces the area of the habitat.
  • This Reduces the number of animals, plants and microorganism that live there are it reduces biodiversity.
79
Q

How can Peat bogs help and how do they cause problems

A
  • Peat bogs can be drained and sold to gardeners as compost.
  • Also peat bogs can be sold as fuel.
  • The problems is that when the peak is drained microorganism break down and resales CO2 and when peat is burned it can also realise CO2.
80
Q

Human Activities can (_____________________________________) AND Damage (____________________)

A
  • Reduce Biodivsity and ecosystems.
81
Q

Name 4 Programmes to Minimise the damage to protect ecosystems and biodiversity?

A
  • 1) Breeding programs.
  • 2) habitat protection.
  • 3) Recycling.
  • 4) Government Programmes.
82
Q

How does Habitats protection help protect ecosystems and biodiversity?

A
  • Protecting and Regenerating rare habitats helps to protect the species that live there.
83
Q

What do Governments have and what do they also have and what could this help reduce ?

A
  • Governments have rules to reduce deforestation.
  • they also have rules to reduce the amount of CO2 released by businesses.
  • This could help stop global warming increasing.
84
Q

How does recycling reduce and how can it protect ecosystems?

A
  • Recycling reduces the amount of waste that gets dumped in landfills.
  • This could reduce the amount of land taken over for the landfill so Ecosystems can be left alone.

Biology- Combined Science (10 decks)

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