B:5 Homeostasis and Response Paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Write a Definition of Homeostasis?

A
  • Homeostasis is the regulation of conditions inside your body and cells in order to maintain a stable internal environment.
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2
Q

Why Is Homeostasis Important and What does it also include?

A
  • Homeostasis is Really important Because your cells need the right conditions to work properly.
  • This Includes having the right conditions for enzymes.
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3
Q

What Does your body use to control for homeostasis and give a example and what are these control systems?

A
  • Your Body uses Control systems for homeostasis
  • These control systems are automatic so humans don’t have to think about it.
  • For Example:They Keep body temperature,Blood glucose level and water level steady.
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4
Q

Name the 3 Parts of The Control system?

A
  • 1) Receptors.
  • 2) Coordination centres.
  • 3) Effectors.
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5
Q

What does the control system do if body temperature increase or Decreases?

A
  • The control systems brings it back to normal
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6
Q

What Happens to the control system if the level is too high?

A
  • The control system decrease the level.
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7
Q

What Happens to the control system if the level is too low?

A
  • The control system increases the level.
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8
Q

Write a Definition of Stimulus?

A
  • Stimulus Means a change in the Environment.
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9
Q

When the Level of Something changes What Happens in the Receptor( Step 1 )?

A
  • The Receptors Detects a Stimulus.
  • And it sends informations to the Coordination centre.
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10
Q

What Then Happens In the Coordination Centre ( Step 2 )?

A
  • The Coordination Centre received and Processes the Information.
  • It Then organises a response.
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11
Q

What Does the Effector Do Then ( Step 3 )?

A
  • The Effectro Then Produces a Response.
  • This Returns the level to its optimum Level.
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12
Q

Write a Definition of Optimum?

A
  • Optimum means ideal.
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13
Q

What Does the Nervous System do and name the 5 Parts of the Nervous system?

A
  • The Nervous System detects and Rects Stimuli.
  • 1) Central Nervous System (CNS).
  • 2) Sensory Neurones.
  • 3) Motor Neurones.
  • 4) Receptors.
  • 5) Effectors.
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14
Q

Write a Definition of Neurones?

A
  • Neurones are Nerve cells.
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15
Q

What Does The Central Nervous System Consist of and What is it connected to?

A
  • The CNS Consist of the brain and Spinal cord.
  • The CNS Is connected to the body By Sensory Neurons and Motor Neurones.
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16
Q

What Do Sensory Neurones Do?

A
  • Sensory Neurons Carry information as electrical impulses from the Receptors to CNS.
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17
Q

What Do Motor Neurons Do?

A
  • Motor Neurons Carry electrical Impulses from CNS To Effectors.
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18
Q

What do Receptors do and What do Different Receptors do?

A
  • Receptors are cells that detect stimuli.
  • Different receptors detach different stimuli.
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19
Q

What do Effector do Give 2 Example of a Effector And What do the Examples do?

A
  • Effectors respond to electrical impulses and bring about a change.
  • For Example: Muscles and Glands are Effectors.
  • Muscles Contract and Gland Release Hormones.
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20
Q

Write a Definition of A Gland?

A
  • A Gland is an organ that produces and secretes hormones.
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21
Q

The CNS Is a (________________________________)

A
  • Coordination centre.
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22
Q

Where does CNS receive information from and what carries the response away?

A
  • CNS Receives Information from receptors and the coordinates a response.
  • The Response is carried out by effectors.
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23
Q

Write a Definition of Synapse?

A
  • Synapse is a connection between 2 Neurones.
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24
Q

How is Synapse Passed on and What do the chemicals do Next?

A
  • The Electrical Impulses is Passed from 1 Neurons to the next by chemicals.
  • These chemicals move across the gap and the chemicals set off a new electrical impulse in the next neurons.
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25
Q

Write a Definition of Reflexes and how quick are they and how do they help?

A
  • Reflexes are automatic responses
  • They are Really Quick.
  • They can Help stop you getting Injured.
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26
Q

Write a Definition of a Reflex Arc?

A
  • A Reflex arc is the neural pathway that controls an automatic, rapid response to a stimulus.
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27
Q

How do Neurons Get to the Brain?

A
  • The Neurons in the reflex arc go through the spinal cord .
  • or through the unconscious part of the brain.
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28
Q

Write a Definition of Relay Neurons?

A
  • Relay Neurons are just Neurons That connect Sensory neurones to motor neurons.
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29
Q

Write a Definition of Unconscious Part of the Brain?

A
  • The uncious part of the brain is the part of the brain that is not involved in thinking.
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30
Q

Write a Definition of Reaction Time and how fast is it and what is it measured in?

A
  • Reaction Time is the time it takes t respond to a Stimulus.
  • It’s Often less than a second and its measured in Milliseconds (ms)
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31
Q

Name 3 Factors that Affect Reaction Time?

A
  • 1) Age
  • 2) Gender
  • 3) Drugs
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32
Q

What Is Caffeine and What Can it do to the Reaction Time?

A
  • Caffeine is a Drug
  • It can speed up a Person’s Reaction Time.
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33
Q

In 6 Steps Investigate Reaction Time (PRACTICAL)?

A
  • 1) The Person Begin Tested should sit with their arm resting on the edge of the table.
  • 2) hold a ruler between their thumb and forefinger and Make sure the 0 end of the ruler is level with their thumb and finger.
  • 3) Then let it go without giving any warning and the person should catch the ruler as quickly as they can.
  • 4) Reaction time is Measured by the number on the ruler where it’s caught The Number should be Read from the Top of The Person Thumb.
  • 5) Repeat the Test Several Times then Calculate the Mean Distance that the ruler fell.
  • 6) Then give the person being tested a caffeinated drink and after 10 minutes repeat step 1 to 6.
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34
Q

The Higher The Number The (_____________________) their Reaction time.

A
  • Slower
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35
Q

Write a Definition of Hormones and Where they are Released?

A
  • Hormones are Chemicals Released By Glands.
  • They are Released directly into the Blood.
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36
Q

What are Glands Called and What System do They Make Up?

A
  • These Glands are Cells Endocrine Glands.
  • And They make up the Endocrine System.
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37
Q

Write a Definition of Target Organs and Where Is Blood carried ?

A
  • Target Organs are Particular Cells in Particular Organs.
  • The Hormones are Carried in the blood to other parts of the body.
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38
Q

Name The 6 Glands In The Endocrine System?

A
  • 1) The Pituitary Gland.
  • 2) Thyroid.
  • 3) Adrenal Gland.
  • 4) Pancreases.
  • 5) Ovaries.
  • 6) Testes.
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39
Q

What is The Pituitary Gland Sometimes Called?

A
  • The Master Gland
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40
Q

Why is It Called The Master Gland and What Does it Act on Other Hormones?

A
  • Its Called the Master Gland Because It Produces Many Hormones that regulate body conditions.
  • These Hormones Act on other glands They Make the glands release hormones that bring about change.
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41
Q

What Does Thyroid Produce and name 3 Things That It Regulates?

A
  • Thyroid Produces Thyroxine.
  • 1) Rate of Metabolism
  • 2) Heart Rate
  • 3) Temperature
42
Q

What Does The Adrenal Gland Produce and What is it used for?

A
  • The Adrenal Gland Produces Adrenaline.
  • Adrenaline is Used to Prepare the Body for a Fight or Flight Response
43
Q

What Does the Pancreas Produce and what is it used for?

A
  • The Pancreas Produces Insulin.
  • Insulin Is Used to Regulate The Blood Glucose Level.
44
Q

Which Gender Only Has Ovaries and What Gender Only has Testes?

A
  • Females Only Have Ovaries.
  • Males Only Have Testes.
45
Q

What Do Ovaries Produce and What Cycle is It Involved In?

A
  • Ovaries Produce Oestrogen.
  • Oestrogen is Involved in the Menstrual Cycle.
46
Q

What Do Testes Produces What Can they Control?

A
  • Tests Produce Testosterone.
  • This Control Puberty and Sperm Production for Males.
47
Q

Name 3 Characteristics Of Nerves?

A
  • 1) Very Fast Action.
  • 2) Act for a Very Short Time.
  • 3) Act on a Very Precise Area.
48
Q

Name 3 Characteristics of Hormones?

A
  • 1) Slower Action.
  • 2) Act for a Long Time.
  • 3) Act in a More General Way.
49
Q

Why are Nerves and Hormones not the same Thing?

A
  • Hormones are slower,act for a long time and they act in a more general way.
  • Nerves are faster,act for a short time and they act on a very precise area.
50
Q

Eating (_______________________) Puts Glucose into The blood.

A
  • Carbohydrates
51
Q

What Removes gluconse from the blood and what happens to Glucose Levels when you exercise?

A
  • Glucose Is Removed from the blood by Cells.
  • And when you Exercise a lot more glucose is removed from the blood.
52
Q

What Organs Monitors and controls the concentration of Glucose?

A
  • Changes in the blood glucose concentration is Monitored and Controlled by the Pancreases.
53
Q

Which organ releases insulin?

A
  • Pancreases
54
Q

Write a Definition of Insulin?

A
  • Insulin is a Hormone that produced and Secreted by the pancreases when the blood level is too high.
55
Q

What Happens if the Blood Glucose Concentration Increase?

A
  • If blood Concentration gets too high the pancreas releases the hormone insulin.
56
Q

What Does Insulin Do to Glucose and What does it remove?

A
  • Insulin Causes Glucose to move into cells.
  • This Removes Glucose from the blood.
57
Q

Glucose Moves from Blood Into (_________) And (_____________________)

A
  • Liver and Muscle Cells
58
Q

Glucose can be Stored as (__________________)

A

Glycogen

59
Q

What does Insulin do In The Liver and Muscle Cells?

A
  • Insulin Converts Glucose into glycogen in The liver and muscle cells.
60
Q

Write a Definition of Diabetes and name the 2 Types of Diabetes?

A
  • Diabetes is a Condition that affects the Body’s Ability to control its blood glucose level.
  • 1) Type 1 Diabetes.
  • 2) Type 2 Diabetes.
61
Q

What can Large amounts of glucose do?

A
  • They can Damage organs like the heart.
62
Q

When does type 1 Diabetes Usually happen?

A
  • Type 1 Diabetes develop through childhood.
63
Q

Write a Definition of type 1 Diabetes and what does this Mean?

A
  • Type 1 Diabetes is where the pancreas produces little or no insulin.
  • This Means a Person blood glucose level can rise to a level that can kill them.
64
Q

What’s the Treatment To control Type 1 Diabetes and how does it help?

A
  • People with Type 1 Diabetes need Injections of Insulin throughout the day.
  • This Help Because it makes Sure that glucose is removed from the blood quickly after the food is digested.
65
Q

When does type 2 Diabetes Usually happen?

A
  • They Usually happen at Old age or later in life.
66
Q

Name the 2 main primary factors that cause it?

A
  • Being Overweight.
  • Being old.
67
Q

Write a Definition of Type 2 Diabetes and what does this cause and what does this mean?

A
  • Type 2 Diabetes is where a person becomes resistant to their own insulin.
    -This Means they still produce insulin but their body cells don’t respond properly.
  • This Causes a Person blood sugar level to rise to a dangerous level.
68
Q

Name 2 Treatments of Type 2 Diabetes?

A
  • 1) Regular Exercise.
  • 2) Eating a carbohydrate-Controlled Diet.
69
Q

Write a Definition of Carbohydrate - Controlled diet?

A
  • Carbohydrate - controlled diet is a diet where the amount of carbohydrate eaten is carefully measured.
70
Q

At (_________________) Your body starts Releasing sex Hormones.

A
  • Puberty
71
Q

What do These Sex Hormones Do And give 2 examples for males and 2 Example for Females?

A
  • Sex Hormones trigger secondary sexual Characteristics.
  • For Example (Males): Develop facial hair and Voice becomes Deeper.
  • For Example (Females): Eggs start to develop and Brest also start to develop.
72
Q

What’s the Main Reproductive Hormone In Mens and What does this hormone produce and what does it stimulates in?

A
  • In mens the main reproductive hormone is testosterone.
  • It’s Produced by the testes.
  • and It Stimulates in sperm production.
73
Q

What’s the Main Reproductive hormone in women and what is produced?

A
  • The Main Reproductive Hormone is Oestrogen.
  • Its Produced by the ovaries and its involved in the menstrual cycle.
74
Q

Write a Definition of The Menstrual Cycle?

A
  • The Menstrual Cycle is a Monthly Sequence of Events during which the body Prepares the Lining of the Uterus in case it receives a fertilized egg and Resles an Egg from an Ovary.
75
Q

Which Gender is Mainly Involved in the Menstrual cycle?

A
  • Females
76
Q

The (__________) Lining then breaks down if the (_____________) has not been (______________)

A
  • Uterus,Egg and Fertilized
77
Q

How Many stages are in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • 4 Stages
78
Q

What Happens In the 1st Stage and How long does This Stages last?

A
  • Stage 1 Lasts from Day 1 to Day 4.
  • On Day 1 Bleeding starts Happening and The Uterus Lining starts breaking down for about 4 days.
79
Q

What Happens in The 2nd Stage and How Long does this Stage Last and also what does the uterus build up into?

A
  • Stage 2 Lasts From Day 4 to Day 14.
  • The Uterus lining build up From day 4 to Day 14.
  • It Build up into a Thick Spongy Layer of Blood vessels and its ready to receive a fertilized egg.
80
Q

How Long Does Stage 3 Last?

A
  • It Only Last on Day 14.
81
Q

What Happens in The 3rd Stage and Whats it called?

A
  • An Egg Develops and Is Released from the Ovary at Day 14.
  • This is Called Ovulation
82
Q

What Happens In the 4th Stage and How Long Does it Last?

A
  • Stage 4 Last from Day 14 to Day 28.
  • The Wall is then Maintained for about 14 Days until day 28.
  • If no Fertilised Egg has landed on the uterus wall by day 28 the lining breaks down and the cycle starts again.
83
Q

An Egg is Released every (_____) Days.

A
  • 28
84
Q

Name The 4 Hormones that Control the Menstrual cycle and What do They Each Hormone Do?

A
  • 1) Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Causes an Egg to Mature in 1 of the Ovaries.
  • 2) Lutesishing Hormone (LH) - Causes the release of an Egg Ovulation.
  • 3) Oestrogen
  • 4) Progesterone - Progesterone and Oestrogen are involved in the growth and maintenance of the uterus lining.
85
Q

Write a Definition of Contraceptive and Fertility and Also Whats it called when Hormones Are Involved?

A
  • Contraceptive is a Method that Prevents Pregnancy.
  • Fertility is The Ability to Conceive a Child.
  • When Hormones are Involved it’s Called Hormonal Contraceptives.
86
Q

Oral Contractives contain (___________)

A
  • Hormones
87
Q

What do Oral Contractives stop and what form are they taken in?

A
  • Oral Contraceptives stop FSH From being Released.
  • They are Taken in the Form of Pills.
88
Q

Name 1 Pro and 1 Con of Oral Contractives?

A
  • Pro: They are 99% Effective a preventing Pregnancy.
  • Con: Bad Side Effects like Headaches.
89
Q

What Do Some Hormonal Contraceptive do and What Does this Lead to?

A
  • Some Hormonal Contraceptive work slowly releasing Progesterone.
  • This Stops eggs from Maturing or being released by the Ovaries.
90
Q

Give 3 Example of Contraceptives and how do they work and slos how long do they last?

A
  • 1) Contraceptive patch - This is a Small patch that is stuck to the skin and it only lasts 1 week.
  • 2) Contraceptive Implant - This is Inserted under the skin of the arm an implant can last 3 years.
  • 3) Contraceptive Injection - Each dose last 2-3 Months.
91
Q

What is a Intrauterine device and what does it stop also what do some types relse?

A
  • An Intrauterine Device is a T -Shaped device instead into the Womb.
  • It can stop fertilised eggs from implanting in the uterus well.
  • Some Types if (IUD) Resales Hormones.
92
Q

Write a Definition of Non-Hormonal and a Definition of Spermicide?

A
  • Non- Hormonal are types of contraception that don’t use hormones.
  • Spermicide is a chemical that disables or kills sperm.
93
Q

What Are Barrier Methods and Give 2 Examples?

A
  • Barries Methods are Non-Hormonal Contraceptives and They stop Sperm.
  • For Example:Condoms and Diaphragm.
94
Q

Where are Condoms worn and How do they Protect Against?

A
  • Condoms are Won Over the Peis During Sexual Intercourse.
  • Female Condoms are worn inside the vagina.
  • Condoms are the only form that protect agisnt sextualt tranmitted diseases.
95
Q

What is a Diaphragm and how does it stop pregnancy?

A
  • A Diaphragm is a Shallow Plastic Cup that’s fits over the entrance to the uterus.
  • It has to be used with Spermicide.
  • Spermicide can be used alone as a form of contraception but when its used alone it 70-80% not effective.
96
Q

What’s The Acronym to remember the other ways to avoid pregnancy?

A
  • S - Sterilisation
  • A - Abstinence
  • N - Natural Methods
97
Q

What Does Sterilisation Involve Cutting and Write 1 risk ?

A
  • In Females Sterilisation Involves Cutting or Tying the Fallopian tubes.
  • In Males It involves cutting or tying the sperm ducts.
  • 1 Risk is that Sterilisation is permanent for the rest of your life.
98
Q

Write a Definition Of Fallopian Tubes and Sperm Ducts?

A
  • Fallopian Tubes are Tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus.
  • Sperm Ducks are Tubes between the Testes and Penis.
99
Q

What does Natural Methods Involve and Write 1 Risk?

A
  • Pregacy can Be Avoided by not Having Sexual Intercource when a women is at the stage of the menstrual cycle.
  • 1 Risk is That’s it not very Effective.
100
Q

What is Abstinence?

A
  • Abstinence is the only way to make sure that sperm and egg don’t have intercourse.